Persecution of Baha'is
The persecution of the Bahai executed by the state, supported or tolerated infringement of several measures aimed at the human rights of the Baha'is because of their faith. The sometimes serious violations of human rights apply to both civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural human rights. Apart from the major faith and denial of the right to religious freedom and the right to work and the pursuit of education mainly include prohibitions Assembly, expropriation, expulsion, imprisonment, torture, massacres, such as legal and extra-legal executions. The objective of the persecution of the Bahai is attack and destruction of their cultural roots, and their social and economic marginalization. The Bahai mainly in their home country, Iran, and some other Islamic states. The systematic persecution of Baha'is have been ordered and should be distinguished from mere hostility, rejection of some Bahai teachings, discrimination or restriction of Baha'i activities by a restrictive law.
Causes and ideological justification
Since the majority of Muslims, the name of Mohammed as a "seal of the prophets," because it indicates that, as the latest in a series of prophets, and for the first of religious foundations in 'Last Day had finished, we can show them that there is no further revelation of God in human history. The founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, represents the other hand, in his teaching that the federal government, the people of God had closed at the end that has no end, again by further revelations of the will God be renewed. Bahá'u'lláh claims to be the same series of "manifestations of God" to continue. His writings Baha'is regard as a revelation of God to humanity, with the doctrine of progressive revelation of God in the center of bahai theology mind. Thus, the followers of the Bahai religion, particularly in Islamic orthodoxy gleichweder law school of Islam as a shed. Due to the specific history of religion Bahai, che è emerso dal islamica sciita ha sviluppato, è la persecuzione dei Bahai in stretta collaborazione con la recente storia iraniana verknüpft.Der diritto Bahá'u'lláh, un nuovo insegnamento divino rivelato di avere attenzione in contraddizione teologica dal 1979/1980 con l'attuale governo in Iran principio di Wilayat-Faqih e "che il clero della dominazione politica delega per il previsto Dodicesima imam controllata. Il Bahai fede di coloro che sono apparsi in forma di messia sciita in Islam, la figura storica e fondatore della Gestalt Babismus, il Bab, a metà del 19. Secolo. Poiché la rivoluzione islamica è veramente teologica conflitto, che è comparabile con il rapporto del cristianesimo al giudaismo, rende luogo political. The Bahai, with its estimated 300,000 to 500,000 adherents live in Iran, the largest religious minority in the country. Unlike Christians, Jews and non Zoroastriern are referred to in Article 13 of the Constitution of the State not as a religious minority called protected. This repression of the Bahai and legitimacy, in the non-secular state in Iran also legalized. In the struggle for influence and power in Iran served and are serving the Bahai Schiitentums enemy and the arch of national pride stylized, from time to time as a scapegoat, the instrument so that the emotional support of the masses to win. In the Iranian public on charges of alleged "threats to national security", with absurd accusations, such as the Baha'is were "Zionists" or "spies" was founded. They represent the Baha'is in Iran, in a religious community which is in line with the teachings of their faith not in Iranian politics and the principle of nonviolence practiced. In Egypt, the Bahai the exercise of their religion, is also not allowed. Since 1960, the Bahai community under a presidential decree prohibited. According to a top Egyptian Administrative Court of 16 December 2006, citizenship was not granted because the Bahai have been denied issuance of personal documents.
Monitoring History
The pursuit of history Baha'is in Iran dates back to the effect of the Bab in 1850 is stato eseguito in Tabriz per blasfemia. 1849/50 sono stati in un Religiozid molti dei suoi seguaci massacrati, alcune fonti parlano di oltre 20.000 Babis. Sotto Shah Reza Pahlavi e Mohammad Reza Pahlavi è stato legiferato, il Bahai sistematicamente privati dei loro diritti civili. Le pensioni sono state cancellate dal governo Bahai e il servizio militare sparò, vietata la letteratura, espropriate le case, scuole, centri di incontri proibiti sequestrati. Regolare pulizia e pogrom si è svolta, quindi 1925, 1932, 1934, 1939, 1943 e soprattutto nel 1955, quando lo Scià di mullah stazioni radio Hetzsendungen per il governo contro i Baha'i sono stati messi a disposizione delle forze armate e il Centro Bahai a Teheran distrutti.
Dopo la rivoluzione Islam in 1979 and the creation of an "Islamic Republic" Iran were systematically persecuted. Until 1981, all places of worship for Bahai destroyed, abused or desecrated. Cemeteries and hospitals have been approved by the crowd, led by the so-called guardians of religion, or the Iranian government regarding their interpretation of sharia destroyed. Since mid 1981, the Bahai today the inclusion in higher education, in some places in schools, denied, students and teachers were fired, employees of public service, without social security and pensions thrown from the service, salaries and training costs would be reimbursed under the threat of jail will. Bahai property was expropriated, transactions with Bahai families prohibited closed shops, businesses and individuals, the accounts are closed, subsistence destroyed. Again and again, there were pogroms, including shops, offices and factories were looted, slaughtered cattle, the crop has been stolen or expropriated. Houses were attacked and burned, the inhabitants massacred, burnt alive or violently forced to convert to Islam.
Since 1979/1980, Bahai thousands arrested, cruelly tortured, hundreds solely because of their religious beliefs run. Until 1985, virtually the entire elected leadership of the Bahai killed in 210 executions. Likely to be minimal than 10,000 faithful have fled into exile. From an early 1993 by the United Nations published a document Secret Islamic Supreme Council of Cultural revolutionary for 1991 shows that the Bahai discrimination at all levels to promote their progress and their development. This name is known by its author Golpayegani formulates the doctrine of State in dealing with Iranian Baha'is since the 90s. Measures to write, in essence, that the Baha'is in Iran in order to address, says that "their progress and development will be hindered." To be a Bahai illiterate and ignorant are kept at the lowest level of existence, and always live in fear that the minimum offense or, worse, prison is imminent. Also for the Bahai abroad is "a plan to develop their cultural roots outside the country to attack and destroy." The memorandum is then a change in the treatment of Baha'is in Iran before away from the bloody persecutions of the past which led to international isolation of the country have contributed to the economic, social and cultural human rights, below the threshold of concern International play.
Recent developments and current situation
Even though the general situation in the years before the current presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as a bit 'laid back, they were under President Khatami, the Bahai prevented them from higher education, such as learning Distance to organize after their access to government control of universities is denied. The distance covered and their libraries and offices in 1998, subject to various attacks and seizures. Under the high price of solitude and silence Khatami was still a great life unmolested, even though the city was banned. There have been a Bahai, contrary to the usual, because discrimination on a regular identity papers and travel to those of their families all over the world use.
However, the human rights situation since the inauguration of the current president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is deteriorating rapidly. Baha'is in Iran are also, again by specific rights violations umani coinvolti. Così riferito Bahai comunità internazionale un aumento significativo in arresti arbitrari, orrendi deposito dei pagamenti, la tortura, la confisca, il rifiuto di accesso all'istruzione superiore, il mobbing e le molestie nei confronti dei bambini e dei giovani e organizzato la propaganda di Stato, che consistono di una demonizzazione di non-musulmani, in particolare l'effetto è Bahai. Attacchi su baha'i, che restano impuniti, poiché l'ufficio di Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, che sono mirati di livore. L'Assemblea della legge e la proprietà è la comunità Bahai ancora non è stato concesso o, a seconda della regione, fortemente regolamentato. Nel 2004, con più della storia delle origini di bahai in Iran associati holy sites including the birthplace of the founder of religious, cultural destroyed traces of religion in Iran will be refunded. In some cities has in recent times to the destruction of Baha'i cemeteries, so in 2006 and 2007 in Najafabad Yazd. As before, the Baha'is of further education and universities of the visit impossible. On May 14, 2008, the Iranian secret police stopped six main members of the Baha'i community in Iran. Therefore, it has its own internal management of the group is lost, that after the disappearance and execution of members of the National Spiritual Bahai in Iran during the years 1980 and 1981 - under the Mitwissen the Iranian government - was founded. Already March 5, 2008 was the director of the group stopped.
According to a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir, 2005 October Revolution, Supreme Leader Khamenei, the supreme commander of the armed forces, secret services, the organization of the Revolutionary Guards and police forces that all persons, members of the Bahai religious community, to identify, record and monitor permanently.
The German Federal Government and the European Union have in recent times, in various human rights violations against Baha 'the initiatives raised in Tehran, among other things, in December 2005 and April 2006. In one, 19 December 2007, with 73 to 53 entries 55 abstentions ha adottato la risoluzione esprime l'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite per la sua profonda preoccupazione per il deteriorarsi della situazione dei diritti umani in Iran. La risoluzione indica "attacco (s) e contro la loro fede baha'i in media statali" e "l'accumulo di elementi di prova che il governo si è impegnato a garantire che il baha'i per individuare, controllare da lontano le università, dare loro la base della vita economica al fine di evitare , arrestare e imprigionare arbitrariamente ". Anche il Parlamento europeo e il Consiglio europeo ha espresso regolarmente sulla situazione dei diritti umani dei baha'i in Iran, più recentemente, il 25 Maggio 2007 in una dichiarazione.
Il 9 Settembre 2008, il parlamento iraniano ha passed a law, which is the renunciation of Islam under the threat of capital punishment and bans by the Guardian will soon be confirmed. This leads to a further worsening of the persecution of religious minorities, particularly Baha'is.
See also:
Hojjatieh
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojjatieh
Islamic Fundamentalism
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamischer_Fundamentalismus
Literature
Catherine Bigelow: conspiracies and false: The attack on the Baha'i community in Iran. In: Persian Heritage Vol 9, No. 35. 2004, p. 27-29.
Dominic Parviz Brookshaw and Seena B. Fazel (Eds): The Baha'i di Iran. Sociohistorical Studi. Londra / New York, 2008.
R. Cooper: Il baha'i di Iran. Minority Rights Group, Londra 1992
Christine Hakim: Il baha'i o la vittoria sulla violenza. Altstätten 1984, Panorama, ISBN 3-907-50604-9
Nazila Ghanea: diritti umani, le Nazioni Unite e il baha'i in Iran. Kluwer Law International, L'Aia, Londra, New York 2002, ISBN 9-041-11953-1
Gunnar Heinsohn: Enciclopedia del genocidio, Rowohlt 1998, ISBN 3-499-22338-4
Moojan Momen: i bambini e di comunità Baha'i Iran: Un caso di genocidio, sospesa? Gazzetta di genocidio, di ricerca, no. 7, 2005, p. 221-241
Olya Roohizadegan: Olya della storia. La sconvolgente relazione di una donna che - insieme with others - because they belong to the Bahai religion of the mullahs in Iran, was imprisoned and abused. Bergisch Gladbach 1995, Bastei Lubbe-Verlag in the series of "experiences", ISBN 3-404-61322-8
The National Spiritual Council of the Baha'is in Germany: The situation of the Baha'is in Iran. Recent legal actions and their background. May 2003. PDF humanrights.ch
The Iran Human Rights Documentation Centre (ed.): Community Under Siege. The Ordeal of the Baha'is of Shiraz. 2007 (PDF).
A Faith Denied. The persecution of Baha'is in Iran. 2006 (PDF).
Wahied Wahdat-Haghi
World Online Debate (ed.): Media incitement against members of the Baha'i religion. 2008 (online).
World Online Debate (ed.): Iran: alarming verdict. 2008 (online).
Hostages Iranian religious dictatorship. 2008
Iran is against the minority Bahai before.
Hojatiye 2008: A secret Shiite organization. 2008
Iran: death penalty for apostasy and insulting the Prophet. 2008
Iran: The persecution of Bahai. 2007
Iran: When the dictatorships in German civil society hineinregieren. 2007
The situation in Egypt
Johanna rose: a new religion as a "disturbing public order" - the Baha'is in Egypt in the series of the Society of Baha'i Studies, Volume 11, The Bahá'ítum and social pluralism, p. 175-197, Hofheim, 2006, ISBN 3-870-37455-1
Human Rights Watch (ed.): Egypt: Allow Citizens to List Actual Religion on ID of Cards. An end to discrimination, harassment of Baha'is, converts from Islam. 2007 (online).
Prohibition of Identity. State interference with religious freedom. Egypt's Baha'is and cancellation policy. 2007 (PDF Online p.30-52).
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