separation between religion and state
The separation of religion and state through the separation of governmental and religious law.
constitutional position
Germany In Germany governed after the end of the First World War and the current system of state churches, the National Assembly in Weimar in 1919 in Weimar Reich constitution, the relationship between church and state again. They have attacked the Constitution on an advanced understanding of secularism back, but has created a complex system based on freedom of religion, the ideological neutrality of the state and self-determination of all religious communities. Religion is not a private matter for the states, but has been public, but the situation has been withdrawn. This concept was initially 1926, Ulrich Stutz, such as "lame separation" because the division is open for cooperation, this may just be necessary. The base giuridica è l'articolo 136 a 139 della Costituzione di Weimar Reich (WRV). Questi sono disciplinati dall'articolo 140 della legge fondamentale della chiesa e lo stato attuale del diritto costituzionale.
In Germania, il rapporto tra la Chiesa (o le convinzioni religiose e le comunità) e, quindi, lo stato di partenariato. Ci sono stato Concordati e contratti. La neutralità ideologica dello Stato, con la comunità religiosa non può identificare, è "in comune le questioni" (res mixta) entstehen. Così, come la comunità di "status aziendale" chiesa fiscale raccolti. In pratica, tale imposta nella maggior parte dei casi da parte della autorità fiscali nazionali per conto delle chiese contro Kostenersatz recovered and used as a tax by the employer. Christian holidays are protected under the Constitution, religious instruction in public schools is an object. In some courts, and schools are crosses. In the latter case, however, due to the Federal Constitutional Court decision of the crucifix to be removed, if a student in his (negative) religious freedom, and feels it is not a denominational school. Nursery schools and Christian schools are generally from the state like other private schools in the context of primary care and to achieve the freedom of private schools, support for the promotion of some is higher, sometimes lower than other carriers free. About 10 per cent of schools in Germany are owned by the church.
Many universities are publicly funded theological faculties. Because of the ideological neutrality of the state must contact their faculty and concentrate most of the churches to be determined. In addition, some universities outside of the theological faculties called Concordat chairs, which are financed with public funds, whose occupation of the Catholic Church, but has something to say. The constitutionality of the Concordat Chairs is controversial.
An important principle of law in Germany is that the state has also organized religious communities, but not their contents may be required because the state constitution protected freedom of religion must be respected. Too
heated debate occurs when the relationship between church and state, religion or something has changed, as in the case of Brandenburg ethical life teaching of religion or prohibiting the veil in school or crucifixes. Equally controversial is the introduction of Islamic religious education in state schools, in this case, particularly because it had no partner for the state is available, according to its principles of faith can be taught. Therefore, some forms of Islamic religious education have been developed in which only the responsibility of the State Islamic religious education is taught, but from the point of neutrality of the government and the separation of church and state is constitutionally very problematic.
religious symbols in public spaces are sometimes permitted, but always encounter opposition, as one of the crucifix controversy and dispute shows the veil.
criticism of the relationship between church and state in Germany is from the Humanist Union and other non-confessional and liberal circles. They call for a separation between state and religion in a secular sense.
See also: Reich Concordat; Reich Deputation main conclusions; Kulturkampf; Schächturteil
Switzerland In Switzerland, the separation of church and state in the Swiss Constitution, the Federal Constitution, in Article 72 regolamentato. I Cantoni hanno il dovere di Cantone nelle loro costituzioni di definire questa separazione.
Una completa separazione non esiste, dal momento che ogni Cantone (influenzata dalla sua storia) un diverso punto di vista sulla separazione della chiesa e Stato. D'accordo sul fatto che è in punto della chiesa, la chiesa e possono essere riscosse nel regolare ritorno della comunità è elencato.
Il 2 Marzo 1980, la popolazione svizzera ha votato su iniziativa "sulla completa separazione tra Chiesa e Stato", modificando l'articolo 51 della Costituzione federale dal. La raccomandazione del Parlamento, ha respinto l'iniziativa, seguite da una chiara maggioranza dei 78,9 per cento dei voti validi.
Nel frattempo, la company of eight cantons of church taxes, which are: Aargau, Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Basel City, Geneva, Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, Ticino and Vaud.
USA
the United States, for a strict separation of church and state in the first extra-constitutional (First Amendment) has determined that there is neither religious instruction in public schools, nor the financial support from the government or Tax collection for the churches or religious private schools. Christmas is the only state in which the holiday with Christian origins. The other is the public life of a akonfessionellen, but Christian-oriented civil religion, even for the bank is reading "In God We Trust. Strong, highly politicized and contentious debate over the boundaries of segregation in American public frequently. Therefore, the actions of the Bush administration, training vouchers at the expense of the taxpayer for the visit of the private (often religious) schools, and state subsidies for social programs sponsored by the Church (the so-called "faith-based initiatives") is highly controversial, and are used by organizations like the ACLU severely criticized.
Russia In Russia, after the Revolution 'in October to a radical separation. The Council of People's Commissars with Lenin wrote on February 5, 1918 a decree "on the separation of Church State and school of the Church. "This separation was a unilateral separation from the influence of religion on the situation and was not accompanied by a separation of government from the influence of religion, that religion is a liberal. Rather, There have been up to World War II, ideologically motivated intense persecution of any religion. Rather than Russian Orthodox was the state religion was the ideology of Marxism-Leninism under, so that the separation of religion or belief and the state, but an exchange took place.
Since the beginning of the Second World War to the turn of 1989/1990 was the pursuit of an ideologically motivated discrimination rimosso, ma ciò non toglie la caratterizzazione di uno stato totalitario cambiato.
Dopo la caduta del 1990, la separazione di Stato e la religione o le convinzioni in gran parte attuato. Dal carattere cristiano-ortodossa di Russia e di proprietà di una chiesa nazionale è misurata da un occidentale le norme europee, di alto livello di identificazione di Stato russo con la Chiesa Ortodossa Russa. Una simile identificazione può essere anche in altri paesi ortodossi in rilievo con orologio.
Francia e la Turchia
Francia e la Turchia sono due paesi in cui la separazione tra religione e stato è molto lontano - entrambi possono essere considerati come laico afferma descrivere il luogo dove, per esempio, i simboli religious in public (state) institutions (including schools) are generally not allowed. At least in Turkey, but rather be a "subordination of religion from the state," like talking about a separation, because the imams are trained by the State and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Diyanet Isler Başkanlığı) is also close to their provisions Arbeit macht substantial.
In France, since once there was the French Revolution, a movement in this direction was given in 1905 - not least because of the Dreyfus affair - with the law on the separation of religion and state to complete the separation of church and State. Once, after long and heated discussioni, sia l'Assemblea nazionale francese, il 3 Luglio è anche il Senato, il 6 Dicembre è stato approvato il disegno di legge, ha acquistato forza di legge. Esclusi dal presente sono i dipartimenti della Mosella, Bas-Rhin e Haut-Rhin, che in quel momento, non in Francia, ma dal 1871 al 1918 appartenne al Reich tedesco, erano in uno stato in termini giuridici Repatriierungsgesetz la validità delle leggi locali e quindi lo stato della Concordato napoleonico del 1801 è stato concesso. Così, Cattolica, Evangelica Luterana Evangelica Riformata e pastore, e pastori in questi tre servizi di funzionari governativi.
Come conseguenza della separazione tra Chiesa e Stato sono le chiese di tutti i loro edifici espropriati chiesa: (cattedrali were the state, parish churches and chapels to the municipalities). The fact that churches will no longer be on their own their buildings, but always with regard to use - sometimes more, sometimes to a lesser extent - by the state and municipalities are charged, there was a subordination of the churches in the state.
The churches are in the territory since 1905 ritual. Sozialkaritative tasks should be carried out by independent bodies to be made, for example a refugee relief and Réformée Église, CIMADE.
See also:
French Civil Code, the law on the separation between religion and state (France)
Turkey Religion in Turkey, Kemalism
Israel La religione in Israele
Letteratura
Axel von Camphausen, Heinrich de Muro: stato-chiesa. Una presentazione sistematica del diritto costituzionale di religione in Germania e in Europa, Monaco di Baviera: CH Beck, 20064, ISBN 978-3-406-51734-1, specialmente p. 338ff.
Claus Dieter Classen: Religione legge; Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 2006, ISBN 978-3-16-149034-7
Gerhard Czermak: La religione e le convinzioni della legislazione. An Introduction, Berlin: Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-72048-5
Erwin Fischer: People's Chiesa ade! La separazione tra Chiesa e Stato. La minaccia alla libertà di religione o le convinzioni personali, nella Repubblica federale di Germania, Berlino, Aschaffenburg: IBDK, 19934, ISBN 3-922601-17-0
Kamper Burkhard, Hans-Werner Thönnes (eds): The separation of church and state. Models and reality in Europe, Essen speaks of Church and State, 40; Munster: Aschendorff, 2007, ISBN 978-3-402-04371-4
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