Kulturkampf
The culture clash was a dispute between the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX. and the Kingdom of Prussia and the Imperial Empire under German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck from 1871 to 1878 / 1887.
Case
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Cause of cultural struggle was the opinion of the former Prussian Government:
1. the publication of a list of modern theological and social beliefs and teachings of Pope Pius IX. in 1864, that the Church had to reject (Syllabus Errorum). This means, among other things, whether the prohibition of philosophical ideas, such as naturalism, rationalism, and pantheism, as well as the rejection of socialism, communism, nationalism and liberalism.
2. was in the Vatican Council of 1870 defined the dogma of papal infallibility when, in matters of faith and practice of teaching "ex cathedra" promulgated. Especially in German-speaking area, there were protests against this new dogma, which is an ecclesiastical secession came. The so-called "Old Catholics" has been so from the church to teach revoked. Because the teachers, but also civil servants were, the government saw this as interference in its affairs.
3. allowed Catholic department of the Ministry of Culture in the Prussian Polish territory that schools be taught in Polish, which is contrary to the understanding of the German government violated the Prussian state. This Bismarck, said:
"Since the establishment of the department Catholic 'spiritual ministry, statistical data, rapid progress of the Polish nation at the expense of German in Poznan and West Prussia, no doubt, and Upper Silesia was held until then part of Prussia, Wasserpolacken 'polonisiert.
"In West Prussia and Poznan have been reports of official identification of thousands of Germans and of whole villages, in the previous generation were officially German, the influence of the Catholic Polish division and officially raised in Poland 'was mentioned. According to the jurisdiction, that the Department was awarded the contract, could be the same without this exemption does not help. This waiver was convinced after my next goal to aspire to. "
The occasion of the cultural battle, according to the German Centre Party in a speech given by Ludwig Windthorst in 43. Meeting of the Reichstag, June 14, 1872 said :
If, however, that we started the war, with particular emphasis on the program and Encyklika [sic] referred to above, so I remember these two documents, since 1864, come. As the time was 1866, the ' year 1870 and that some of the state in Germany. Mai fino ad ora ha anche in Prussia nulla pericoloso per il governo in queste materie trovato. No, signori, la lotta è iniziato diverso. Quando l'Austria niedergeworfen quando la Francia niedergeworfen, come è stato - come il Primo Ministro, il Lord Chancellor indicato - su di noi parte opposta di un impero protestante chen ha parlato del trionfo del protestantesimo e l'eventuale scarico e il completamento della Riforma, non vi è Gneist il professore con la sua relazione nei confronti del religioso, in quanto sono stati i Kanonisten ciò che siamo ormai in prossimità del prussiana ministro della Cultura e vedere quello che, sotto la presidenza del professor Gneist tutti i consigli di bellezza, che ci porta oggi e anche la porta e, poiché questo Kanonisten and is the result of the fact that the Prussian constitution was too distant past, that the execution of a concern is that we must repent - videatur Hinschius, videatur Where in his diary and his canon.
political repression
Then the July 8, 1871, the Catholic Department of the Ministry of Culture of Prussia was dissolved, was opposed by the center of resistance, the political wing of Catholicism was. Bismarck was anxious to ensure that church and state are separate, because it is the political influence of the Catholic Church for the affairs of state as "staatsgefährdend" plant. Therefore, sought by repressive means the "kingdom of the enemy" to destroy. On December 10, 1871, the "pulpit clause" as § 130th in the realm of the Criminal Code, which states:
"A priest ... ... what state business so as to endanger the public peace on the subject of discussion or an ad makes fortress prison or jail up to two years' imprisonment. "
It came as a result of politically motivated imprisonment of Catholic priests against HALKA Mieczyslaw Ledochowski, Archbishop of Poznan. E 'became a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment.
In 1872, the Jesuit law, which banned the Jesuit Order. The School Act (Prussian minister of culture, Adalbert Falk) the state has taken control of all scuole in Prussia. Anche nel 1872 le relazioni diplomatiche con il Vaticano annullata. In un discorso Reichstag ribadito Bismarck con il dire "Dopo Canossa non andiamo!", La sua intenzione, in conflitto con la Chiesa cattolica "non dare piedi larghezza. Il clou della lotta culturale segnato la Maigesetze del 1873, la regolazione di stato della Chiesa cattolica dovrebbe garantire. Questi sono i seguenti:
Clero possono essere utilizzati solo dopo un esame di Stato immagazzinare cultura assumere un ufficio
Notifica di tutti i sacerdoti, nello stato
Diritto di ricorso stato tribunali, se qualcuno dalla chiesa con sanzioni
Facilitare il ritiro Chiesa
Nel 1875 è stato anche il matrimonio civile prussiana, che era una chiesa di nozze per andare avanti. Questa legge è stata l'anno successivo per l'intero territorio esteso Reich. Il cesto del pane legge del 1875, la chiesa sospesi tutti i sussidi statali. Nel maggio 1875 il monastero è stata seguita dalla legge (Convento risoluzione di tutte le cooperative, con l'eccezione di assistenza infermieristica, in Prussia). La legislazione è fallito, ma il loro effetto, come il centro emerso dalle elezioni del 1874 il Reichstag, e rafforzato, il numero degli elettori sia in Prussia e il Reich tedesco doppio.
Seguire
Il 13 Luglio 1874 perpetrati cattolica artigiani Eduard Franz Ludwig Kullmann cultura scontro a causa di un attacco di Bismarck, ma solo leggermente ferito.
Quando Pius IX. He died in 1878, followed him, Leo XIII. in office. In direct negotiations with the Curia, the harsh laws are eased. In 'Summer of 1882 Prussia took the back off diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The 1886 and 1887 has adopted laws finally brought peace to conflict resolution. Leo XIII. Officials said on 23 May 1887 in the battle, which have damaged the church and the state is useless for storage.
The law was the only Jesuit in 1917, the pulpit of the Chamber until 1953 in the Federal Republic and the civil marriage compulsory only from a revoked in January 2009.
The Law School has been preserved. The culture war has been so for separation of church and state. By the Constitution of the Weimar Reich was then the relationship between church and state as it stands today.
It is worth mentioning also that the (mostly Protestant) "conservatives" Bismarck's Kulturkampf legislation rejected, while the "liberal" is supported. The "center" itself (the so-called German Catholic Centre Party) has been strengthened by the crisis appears. Bismarck was able to crush political opponents and is not prepared to deal with the religious forces to organize, after applying important goals. Even the liberal parties were strengthened by the crisis appears. E 'rationalist ideology that Bismarck was in the fight against Catholicism sostegno. Una ragione per la fine della lotta culturale socialista era imminente leggi che hanno richiesto una maggioranza di Bismarck, che, tuttavia, i liberali non poteva essere previsto.
Nascita del concetto di "scontro culturale"
Il concetto di cultura scontro è stata la prima volta il 16 Gennaio 1873 in tedesco Reichstag di uso di Rudolf Virchow, dove ha lavorato nel consiglio del "disegno di legge per l'impiego e la formazione del clero", ha detto: Ho la convinzione, questa è una grande cultura scontro.
In una elezione scritta da Virchow chiamare il Partito progressista, 23 Marzo 1873 ha ripetuto questa espressione. Il termine è stato coniato dalla stampa cattolica e ironicamente deriso dalla stampa liberale ha difeso con entusiasmo.
Altri significati parola
Alcuni anni più tardi (1903-1908) ha rotto la cultura accademica scontro da un concetto di storia per gli studenti scontri tra i ricchi e la diffusione della studenti cattolici 'associazioni.
Il termine "cultura di guerra" è stata per qualche tempo anche in altri contesti, per esempio a livello mondiale per la "battaglia" tra le culture dei vari paesi o culture (come Samuel P. Huntington nel suo famoso libro di scontro di civiltà - tradotto in inglese con il titolo "scontro di civiltà", anche se "scontro di civiltà", il significato del titolo originale migliore in tal senso), per una lotta alla "egemonia culturale" within a society and in particular for defining the power of self-understanding and the ideals of a nation (see New rights changing values), as well as in many other fields.
In September 2008, Bishop Fuldaer Heinz Josef Algermissen during a meeting of the Forum German Catholics, and Catholics in Germany, given the current debate on gender mainstreaming and an alleged "promotion of homosexuality" in a new battle cultural benefit to the "real strengthening of the family to see.
See also: Badischer Kulturkampf
Karl Zuchardt Literature: The culture of war, and Bismarck. Halle (Saale): Evang. Confederation, 1912, 51 p. (Brochures of the German Protestant No 330/31)
Georg Franz: culture clash - the state and the Catholic Church in Central Europe. D. Publisher George W. Callwey, Monaco di Baviera, 1954
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