Cause Of Pins And Needles In Stomach

Stupefacenti legge (Austria)

Narcotics Law (Austria)

Narcotics Act (MGA), Federal Law on Suchtgifte, psychotropic substances and precursors, is an Austrian federal law, transportation and management of addictive substances (illicit drugs and psychotropic substances) and precursors discipline. It has, in conjunction with the Juvenile Court Act (JGG), Media Law (Media), the law on pornography (PornoG) Prohibition Act 1947 (VerbotsG), arms Act (WaffG), military criminal (MilStG) and the Financial penalty (FinStrG) in addition to the criminal law.


Outline

Narcotics Law is divided into six main parts divided
Scope and definitions (§ § 1-4)
Narcotics (§ § 5-16)
transport and management of ozone precursors (§ § 17-22)
Traffic monitoring and management of drugs and precursor substances (§ § 23-26)
provisions of criminal law and procedural rules (§ § 27-44)
conclusion, entry into force and transitional provisions (§ § 45 ff)


Terms

The law distinguishes between drug
Suchtgiften,
psychotropic substances and precursors
,
where the first two categories of drugs are combined.


Suchtgifte

Suchtgifte under SMG are the substances and preparations that, in one Suchtgift Convention in 1961 by the Protocol of 1972, as amended, as Suchtgifte means, such as cannabis, cocaine and opiates, as well as the substances listed in Annexes I and II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, as the 'LSD, psilocybin, amphetamine and its derivatives (MDMA) and phencyclidine.
Determinacy Under the principle of criminal law are all as Suchtgift existing substances in the regulation Suchtgift exhaustive list. This is particularly true in cases of importance with ecstasy, because often the term substances are distributed, the SMG is no object, such as caffeine or paracetamol. Without further definition of the material can be used in some cases are not easily determine whether a criminal Suchtgift possession available. The expression used in the law
Suchtgift as a translation for the English word "amazing" is misleading and tendentious, as it also includes substances that, based on scientific evidence or addictive nor toxic. In contrast, alcohol and nicotine dependence, despite their potential and their known relatively large Suchtgifte no toxicity under the law.




psychotropic substances Psychotropic substances are those substances and preparations listed in Annexes III and IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines. For substances that are the Single Convention Suchtgift be controlled (Suchtgiften ") are also derived IN QUESTION. On the contrary, the limits of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic management in the Annexes referred substances exhaustive, but not with their derivatives. In
Suchmittelrecht Austrian, in essence, the difference between the two categories in each of the Regulations (the Regulation and psychotropic Suchtgift) implemented. While Suchtgiften including isomers, salts of isomers, salts, esters and molecular compounds in question applies to the control of psychotropic substances to their salts. As with all
Suchtgiften as applicable psychotropic substances in the regulation Psycho tropics exhaustive list.




Precursors Precursors are substances used for the manufacture of psychotropic substances and Suchtgiften are used, they are in the Annex to EU Regulation No 3677/90 of 13 December 1990 and No 3769/92 of 21 December 1992 lists, for example, ephedrine, safrole, acetic anhydride, acetone, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Many precursors have legitimate industrial and residential applications and can not be effectively controlled.
Most Suchtgifte, with the exception of cannabis or mushrooms, in particular chemicals must be prepared. One of the objectives of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Suchtgiften and Psychotropic Substances (Vienna Convention of 1988) is the trade and conduct di tali precursori di controllo, in un certo numero di regolamenti UE e UE La direttiva rispecchia, in Austria, con i precursori del regolamento è stato attuato.


Disposizioni penali

Il consumo di Suchtgiften non è punibile. Procura, tuttavia, è quasi tutto ciò che ad esso collegati: l'acquisto, la detenzione, la marcatura, l'importazione o l'esportazione, la produzione, la consegna o di guadagno.


Piccoli, grandi e grandi quantità

La SMG non distinguere tra i cosiddetti soft e hard Suchtgiften, il criminale minaccia è, a tutti i Suchtgiften stessa. Tuttavia, si differenzia tra le piccole, grandi ed extra grandi quantità, ma in quantità more, in principle, even more severe penalties attached. Exceptions are the acquisition and possession of Suchtgiften for them, as a political health care and less perceived political criminal. How sweet Suchtgifte force, such as MDMA, cannabis and cocaine, are privileged to the extent that they are larger amounts of the border.
Criminal proceedings for the acquisition and possession of small amounts Suchtgift are, in general, according to § § 35 and 36 SMG for a trial period of two years to set. Similarly, the prosecution of so-called acquisitive crime by the accused on the basis of his familiarity with drugs and in connection with the purchase of a Employees engaged in accordance with § § 35 and 36 SMG may be, unless they fall under the authority of a lay jury or judge (see § § 13 paragraph 2 and Article 14 paragraph 1 StGB).
Other forms of crime, such as production, import, export and transfer, or a small amount Suchtgift will be in accordance with Section 27 SMG punished. For large quantities apply to all offenses Suchtgift, with the exception of the acquisition and possession for personal use, more severe penalties (Section 28 SMG). About a large amount of at least 25 times the border with the small amount of quantity. For crimes of this magnitude are very strict sanctions in cases of organized crime purposes (§ 28 paragraph 4 C. 3 SMG). Otherwise there is no
Suchtgiften psychotropic substances in large quantities. For these substances, compared to Suchtgiften very mild sanctions that are the subject of Sections 30 and 31 are SMG.
Quantities are a practical certainty of the criminal law the principle of justification, on the other hand provides a clear demarcation between small and large quantities of drugs including procedural advantages by allowing courts to facilitate the uniform application of law to pursue. De facto, the marginal quantity of health and crime control policy on measuring instruments by which the policy of proscription of certain drugs to give. For example, the marginal quantity of cannabis much greater than for heroin.
The lower limit of the small quantity of a psychotropic substance or dependency, in relation to the pure substance of the active substance in the amount Suchtgift border regulation and psycho-tropical border Quantity Regulation. The quantities Suchtgift border is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Justice, they must be approved by the Board of the National Council has approved. In determining the amount of marginal case in accordance with § 28 para 6 SMG on the "suitability of Suchtgifte, evoking addiction and was in a life-threatening or health of the people who make, and the behavior of drug addiction health to take. "The same applies in accordance with § 31 paragraph 3 SMG psychotropic substances, except that the limit on quantity Main Board of the National Council must be approved.
The quantities refer to pure substance. Here are some marginal quantities in 2005:

MDMA: 30 g
THC: 20 g
Cocaine: 15 g
Heroin (diacetylmorphine): 3 g
(+)-Lysergid, LSD, LSD-25: 0.01 g
Flunitrazepam: 0.4 g
Phenobarbital: 40 g


Penalty provisions for Suchtgifte

Section 27 SMG


1. Who would handle the existing rules Suchtgift one acquires, possesses, manufactures, imports, exports or other transfers, or gives, shall be punished with imprisonment up to six months or a fine of up to 360 daily rates to be punished.
2. The offense is punishable by imprisonment up to three years to be punished if
2.1 paragraph 1, in a small place called the use of a Suchtgiftes and also allows an adult and more than two years older or younger
2.2 of paragraph 1 shall act professionally or as a member of a criminal organization, committing, which, however, also a drug habit and the act is therefore particularly pledging to sign for their use of drugs or the means per la sua acquisizione, ha detto, , se le circostanze di assuefazione può essere previsto al paragrafo 1, solo per essere puniti.

Procedimento penale ai sensi della Sezione 27 SMG di qualsiasi offesa, con piccole quantità Suchtgift sono in pratica il più comune. Condanne ai sensi del § 27 comma 1 sono soggette a restrizioni di informazione e, pertanto, non sembrano in un certificato di casellario giudiziario. (Sezione 42 SMG)

Nella sezione 27, paragrafo 2, C. 2 SMG contenute qualifiche commerciale è definito dal § 70 StGB. Il concetto di "organizzazione criminale è supportata dal § 278 StGB fondata.

Il principio giuridico-politico di "terapia anziché pena" è in § 27 paragraph 2 C. 2 SMG reflected: that crimes against their need for drugs with drug offenses to finance small-scale (small-scale dealers, etc.), only in accordance with paragraph 1, shall be punished.


Section 28 SMG


1. Who would handle the rules of a Suchtgift in a large amount (paragraph 6) with the intent, acquires or possesses in traffic that will be punished with imprisonment up to three years to punish.
2. Punished with imprisonment up to five years is to punish those who violate the rules of a Suchtgift in a large amount (paragraph 6) produces, imports, exports or uses in traffic.
3. Punished with imprisonment from one to ten years is to punish, which is in paragraph 2 shall act professionally or as a member of a criminal organization celebrates. About himself, but a drug habit and the act is therefore particularly pledging to sign for their use of drugs or the means to acquire them, if the circumstances of addiction may be only in accordance with paragraph 2 punish.
4. Punished with imprisonment from one to fifteen years is to punish, which is in paragraph 2 is in fact 4.1
as a member of a criminal organization and committing ever been because of the second paragraph designated offense has been convicted
4 2 as a member of a combination of a greater number of people to commit criminal acts or
4.3 Relationship with Suchtgift celebrates its quantity, at least twenty-five times the amount of border (section 6) total.
5. punished with imprisonment from ten to twenty years or life imprisonment is the culprit in paragraph 2 shall be punished in a combination of a larger number of people to commit criminal acts of these leaders work.
6. The Federal Minister for Labor, Health and Social Affairs in collaboration with the Federal Minister of Justice and with the consent of the parent committee of the National Council for individual Suchtgifte lower limit of a large amount compared to the pure substance of the active set with Regulation (marginal). You in particular the suitability of Suchtgifte, accustomed to a great cause and extent of a threat to life or health and addictive behavior to achieve the amazing health care to take.

Section 28 SMG aims to drug crime. For in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 above offenses are the quantities of individual Tathandlungen added, and then verify if the intent pursuant to § 5 Abs 1 StGB, in terms of a large quantity available. (OGH 22 June 1999, 14 I 62/99)

The acquisition and possession of even a large amount of Suchtgift for personal use only in accordance with § 27 paragraph 1 SMG penalty. At different times for their personal use, acquired and held Suchtgift small amounts are not cumulative (EvBl 1982/110, OGH 11 May 1994, 13 O 20/94).

§ 28 para 4 C. 3 defines the large quantities, at least twenty-five times the amount of border (section 6) total.


Section 29 SMG

Who in a printing unit, not the cinema, online or otherwise for the misuse of public Suchtgift or asking in a sort of approval, which is likely to suggest such abuse, shall be punished with imprisonment up to six months or a fine of up to 360 daily rates punish.
Penalty provisions for psychotropic substances


Section 30 SMG


1. Who would handle the rules of a psychotropic substance acquires, possesses, manufactures, imports, exports or other transfers, or gives, shall be punished with imprisonment up to six months or a fine of up to 360 daily rates to be punished.
2. Under paragraph 1 is not to punish, that the drug, a psychotropic substance, unless it is a lot involved,
2.1 for own use or for the needs of an animal acquires, possesses, or imports or exports
Another 2.2 and leaves no benefit rolls.


Section 31 SMG


1. Who would handle the rules of a psychotropic substance in grandi quantità (comma 3) con l'intento, acquista o possiede in traffico che saranno puniti con la reclusione fino a due anni per punire.
2. Punito con la reclusione fino a cinque anni è quello di punire coloro che violano le regole di sostanze psicotrope in grandi quantità (punto 3) la produzione, importazioni, esportazioni o usa nel traffico.
3. Il ministro federale per Labor, la sanità e gli affari sociali in collaborazione con il Ministro federale della giustizia, per ciascuna delle sostanze psicotrope, il limite inferiore di una grande quantità rispetto alla sostanza pura del principio attivo, fissato con regolamento (marginale). § 28, paragrafo 6, seconda frase è il significato di.


Penalty provisions for precursors

Section 32 SMG


1. If a precursor substance from which it is known that the unlawful manufacture of a product in a large amount (§ 28 para 6, 31, paragraph 3) must be used, bought or owns, shall be punished with imprisonment up to two years to punish.
2. If a precursor substance from which it is known that the unlawful manufacture of a product in a large amount (§ 28 para 6, 31, paragraph 3) must be used, producing, importing, exporting or trafficking, is subject to imprisonment up to five years to punish.


replacement


Criminal Criminal proceedings for the acquisition and possession of small amounts of drugs have, in general, in accordance with Articles 35 and 36 SMG by the public prosecutor for a trial period of two years ago. The temporary replacement of the display requires an opinion from the health district, as the competent authority shall require that health-related Displaying an order pursuant to § 11, paragraph 2 requires SMG. Therefore, a notice for possession of drugs usually with a medical or psychiatric social survey online. The prosecutor may obtain an opinion of competent jurisdiction, if a person just because they are substances or preparations from the cannabis plant in small quantities for personal use or has acquired possession, and if there is no reason to believe that the person needs a measure of health. An opinion is, however, capture, if a person who within the last five years before this show has been so displayed. View
the needs arising from the evaluation by a specialist in addictive family health issues measure pursuant to § 11, paragraph 2 SMG, the Prosecution first indication of the condition that the replacement angezeigt - which has a legal representative, that agreement - stated that it is a measure of this kind must be made. Alternatively, the replacement of the display of a regular review by a probationer may be subject (Article 37 SMG).
The replacement of the display according to § 35 SMG is, therefore, usually with a system of monitoring health status of the connected displays. If the display according to the district office to withdraw a persistent surveillance, it must be notified to the public prosecutor, which is usually the commencement or continuation of criminal proceedings, the result (Section 38 SMG).



health measures for drug abuse

In SMG, there are numerous exceptions provided for in case of misuse of Suchtgiften for drug users, occasional users or patients with excessive pain is not to criminalize. This law and health policy is indicated as a therapy instead of punishment. In practice, however, often beyond treatment or punishment, because any misuse of Suchtgiften abuse, medical and social consequences can be criminal.


medical applications

Unlike Suchtgiften psychotropic substances are in the form of drugs or abuse of drugs is preferred, since the acquisition, possession, import and export of a large quantity of impunity are not only the delivery of such products until the release of the same benefit. These special provisions are intended to criminalize a wide range of drug addicts, and also against the practice of medical prescribe the drugs are not at risk. Similarly, recently propagated exceptions for medical applications such as being less dangerous drugs suchtgifthaltigen credits.
Physicians suchtgifthaltige medicines used to treat pain or de lege artis (according to the insights and experiences of medical science and veterinary medicine) to prescribe, under section 8 of the offense except SMG. However, Section 14 prohibits the accompanying Suchtgift Regulation (SV) Suchtgifte doctors explicitly, in substance, or drug, for more than a Suchtgift, other than those approved specialties as well as preparations of heroin, cannabis, coca leaves, and the ecgonine in Annex V to this Regulation, le sostanze elencate prescrivere ciò che la pratica di prescrizione Suchtgifte è ridotto di conseguenza. La mis-uso o come terapia palliativa Suchtgiften intervento è descritto nel recente dai tribunali penali come una possibile giustificazione percepito.


Storia

La legge sulle sostanze stupefacenti in Austria è stata principalmente su tre convenzioni internazionali: la Convenzione Suchtgift unico nel 1961 dal protocollo del 1972, come modificata, la Convenzione sulle sostanze psicotrope del 1971 ( "Psycho tropici convenzione") e la Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro il traffico illecito di Suchtgiften e sostanze psicotrope del 1988 (la "Convenzione di Vienna"). Originariamente apparso in Austria Suchtgift Act 1951 (SGG) in force, 1971, 1978, 1980 and 1985 has been changed. Finally, it was the drug law in 1998 replaced by the 1988 Convention in question. The only


Suchtgift

1961 Convention Article 36, paragraph 1), 1961 unique Suchtgift Convention obliges the Parties, the Convention against any violation of this growth, mining, manufacturing, mining, preparation, possession, supply, sale, distribution, purchase, sale, delivery - the most under what conditions - the brokerage, dispatch, shipping - including in transit - transport, 'import and execution of ... Suchtgiften punish in an appropriate manner, particularly by imprisonment or other forms of deprivation of liberty. Paragraph b) provides, however, the contracting parties, or as an alternative to conviction or punishment or in addition to conviction and punishment should be that these measures of drug treatment, education, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration within the meaning of ' Article 38, paragraph 1 will undergo. Austria has stated that the obligation of the contracting parties must understand that it is also through the creation of administrative offenses could be satisfied that an appropriate sanction for the violations referred to in that it provides. Suchtgift prosecution of crime in Austria is not only the Convention Suchtgift reasons only, is also a result of internal political development.


1971 Convention on Psychotropic

The 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances and preparations which are used in medicine and can be abused, but Suchtgift by the Single Convention does not apply, such as psychotropic substances. Under Article 9, such drugs can be prescribed only by doctors. Possession, purchase, import, export and transfer ", without having to take advantage" of small quantities of psychotropic substances, in accordance with § 30 Paragraph 2 SMG impunity.


1988 Vienna Convention, the Convention

United Nations Convention against illicit traffic in psychotropic substances Suchtgiften and 1988 is characterized by the belief that illicit trafficking (Suchtgiften ... ...), from a criminal activity has taken to combat urgent attention and high priority calls. The agreement should be the desire to reflect the fundamental causes of the problem of psychotropic substance abuse Suchtgiften and remove, including the illicit demand for these substances and illicit traffic in the coming huge profits. Accordingly, the Parties to the Convention, inter alia, the application of the statutory provisions relating to confiscation of the proceeds from commercial drug offenses and the improvement of mutual legal assistance in investigations e azioni penali, con una gran parte della politica repressiva di droga, al fine di perseguire. La convenzione è in vigore una revisione della Stupefacenti Act del 1998 e la modifica simultanea di numerose leggi penali e di salute.


Drug Policy Developments

Dal 1980, la tossicodipendenza in Austria sempre più come un problema politico di salute o di tanto in tanto in un livello accettabile socialmente tollerato, d'altro canto, il concessionario avrà tutta la forza del diritto penale e deve essere sentito a lungo con incondizionato pene detentive. In questo contesto, è che molte problematiche del concessionario, ai sensi della legge sono dipendenza e che la distinzione tra reati o illeciti di salute "non è always clear as possible.
The SMG is, in practice, the most important addition to the criminal law because it is about two-thirds of all convictions in addition to criminal liability. According to a parliamentary question to answer of the Federal Minister of Justice (1637/AB XXII. GP) is the number of convictions under the SMG between 2000 (3219) and 2003 (4528) has increased steadily. In 2004 there were over 38,000 at the national level because of the open criminal SMG (2895/AB XXII. GP).
According to the Drug Report 2005 of the Ministry of Health, there were 25,215 listings in 2004 after SMG (2003: 22,245), an increase of about 13% over the previous year. Large increases were primarily for ads for cannabis to a lesser extent also in advertisements for cocaine and crack cocaine. The number of convictions under the SMG has followed the previous trend and rose by 5,706 cases (2003: 4,532) by about one quarter. The percentage of crimes under the SMG of all convictions is also a new high-rise (1995: 4.7% 2004: 12.6%).


Legal relationships

The SMG includes five regulations and an announcement by the Federal Minister of Labour, Health and Social Affairs. In Suchtgift or psychotropic regulation and management of legal addictive substances regulated, inter alia, to include all plants, substances and preparations Suchtgifte are classified as drugs and psychotropic substances, an exhaustive list. The quantitative limit regulation defines a small amount, depending on whether the substance is different, and penalties apply mild. To avoid over-criminalization of drug users and should be avoided. Officially, the principle of therapy instead of punishment, taking into account the situation of the offender. The announcement on suchtgift treatment facilities for dependent persons is established in Section 15 SMG.
Suchtgift Regulation (SV) Links
Psycho tropics Regulation (PV)
link precursors of Regulation (VorlV) Links
Suchtgift border volume regolamento (SGV)
Psycho-tropicale frontiera Quantità regolamento (PGV)
Bando alle istituzioni e le associazioni con i servizi di sostegno per le persone con una vista Suchtgift abuso


Letteratura

Foregger / Litzka / Matzka: Stupefacenti legge. Manzscher breve commento. 2. Auflage, Manz Verlag, Vienna 1998. ISBN 3-214-03082-5
Doralt (Hsg.): Codice penale. 24. Edizione, pubblicata dalla LexisNexis, Vienna 2005. ISBN 3-7007-3245-7
William B. McAllister: Drug Diplomazia del XX secolo. Una Storia internazionale. Routledge, London 2000. ISBN 0-415-17990-4

Wording For Dora Birthday Invitation

Stupefacenti legge (Svizzera)

Stupefacenti legge (Svizzera)

Dati di base
Titolo: Legge Federal Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

Short title: Narcotics Law
Abbreviation: BetmG
Species: Federal Law
Scope: Switzerland
Legal Issue: Administrative
SR: 812,121
Law Date: October 3, 1951
Entry into force : June 1, 1952 (AS 1952 241)
Last updated by: AS 2006 3459

Date Last Modified: January 1, 2007


Federal Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Narcotics Act, BetmG, SR 812121) is was signed on 3 Adopted by the Commission in October 1951 and entered into force on 1 June 1952 entered into force. Si tratta di una delle leggi per il Codice penale svizzero.


Contenuto

1. Capitolo: Disposizioni generali (articolo 1-3a)
2. Capitolo: Produzione, vendita, acquisto e uso di sostanze stupefacenti (articolo 4-15c)
3. Capitolo: controllo (art. 16-18)
4. Capitolo: disposizioni penali (art. 19-28)
5. Capitolo: Ufficio centrale (art. 29)
6. Capitolo: Disposizioni finali (articoli 30-37)


Regolamento per BetmG

Per BetmG corso degli anni è molti regolamenti (VO) è stato adottato:
VO, 29 Maggio 1996 sugli stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope (stupefacenti regolamento BetmV, RS 812.121.1)
Reg. cura del Istituto svizzero, 12 Dicembre 1996 sugli stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope (stupefacenti regolamento Swissmedic, BetmV-Swissmedic, RS 812.121.2)
VO, 29 Maggio 1996, relativa alla precursori chimici e altri prodotti chimici per la fabbricazione di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope (precursori regolamento VorlV, RS 812.121.3)
Reg. cura del Istituto svizzero di 8 Novembre 1996, relativa alla precursori chimici e altri prodotti chimici per la fabbricazione di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope (precursori regolamento Swissmedic, VorlV-Swissmedic, RS 812.121.31)
VO, 8 Marzo 1999 sulla prescrizione medica di eroina, (RS 812.121.6)



Elenchi

Allegato A - Elenco di all substances and preparations betäubungsmittelhaltigen
Appendix B - Checklist betäubungsmittelhaltigen partially exempt substances and preparations
Appendix C - List of substances and preparations, kl. The quantities are available without a prescription Annex - List of prohibited drugs
adjustments to the lists BetmV-Swissmedic (September 2005) List of chemical precursors
commercially available

How Many Words In A Chapter

Stupefacenti legge (Germania)

Narcotics Law (Germany)

Basic data
Title: Law on the marketing of Narcotics

Short title: Narcotics Law
Abbreviation: BtMG
Species: Federal Law
Setting: Republic Germany
Legal Issue: Administrative Law, Criminal Law A
FNA: 06/24/2121
Law Date: July 28, 1981
(BGBl I, p. 681, 1187)
Entry into force: August 1, 1981
Last edited by: 1, 2 Reg,
January 18, 2009 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 49)

Last Updated Date: January 22, 2009
(Article 3 of Regulation January 18, 2009)


Narcotics Law (BtMG ), formerly of Opium Act (see below), is a German federal law, the general is responsible for handling of drugs. Which of Narcotics Substances Act, can not be found in the law, but the attachments to this Act (articolo 1, paragrafo 1 BtMG). Il BtMG contiene tre allegati:
L'appendice I comprende non negoziabili stupefacenti, (vietato il commercio e fiscali, come ad esempio l'eroina),
Appendice II, il negoziabili, ma non verschreibungsfähigen Stupefacenti (fiscali che consentano scambi vietati, come le materie prime come le foglie di coca) e
Appendice III e il negoziabili verschreibungsfähigen Stupefacenti (al netto delle imposte BtMVV, come la codeina).
Le unità sono di tre-up. La colonna 1 contiene internazionale Nonproprietary Nomi]] (DCI) dell'Organizzazione mondiale della sanità (ad esempio le anfetamine), colonna 2, altri non-materiale protetto denominazioni, come simbolo o banali names (eg amphetamines) and column 3, the chemical name (such as (RS)-1-fenilpropan - 2-ylazan). Under
drug abuse and addiction BtMG are not comparable. Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine are BtMG because the structures were not covered. They are then in Germany, the legal drugs. But other intoxicating substances from plants such as apple and holly angel trumpets are not subject to BtMG.
Within the scope of this law are the production, marketing, import, export of drugs in Appendix I, II and III. For these activities require a permit, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices is able to provide (BtMG § 3). In addition, the operation of drug regulated rooms (BtMG § 10a), the destruction of drugs and documentation of traffic.
Narcotics Law is a consequence of the ratification of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, along with other similar agreements commitment of Germany, the availability of certain drugs in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.
The prohibition is subject to the substances listed in Annex I (illicit drugs), possession and purchase only by special permission from the BfArM for scientific purposes is possible, or by a competent body to investigate or destruction is received. They may be privately owned, non-legal aspects to be acquired. They are contained in the annexes to the substances known as res extra commercium German non-traded goods. If you are in federal territories, so that only the government has the right to possession of such substances by the seizure or confiscation exercise.
In principle, the Narcotics Act in the category of administrative laws, rules for the issue of drug trafficking is. Often with sanctions in § § 29-30th BtMG is also one of the most important laws in addition to the criminal law.
For the import and export of precursors of many drugs (especially synthetic drugs such as amphetamines), the basic right of control.


History

Germany

Narcotics Law is the direct successor of the German Reich of the Opium Act, as amended by December 10, 1929 (RGBl. I, p. 215) and was published on 24 December 1971 (BGBl I p. 2092). After some amendments, the Act on the circulation of narcotics, January 10, 1972 announced recently (BGBl I, p. 1). On July 28, 1982 March 1, 1994 and filed a recast or republication.


From Opium Act drug law

Until the mid-sixties was the drug policy in relation to other policy areas is a small, almost socially acclaimed industry. Well mainly because of the small number of socially prominent opium drug law has remained largely without the right paper acute persecution reality. Low, the number of opium on the right of convicted persons. In the early sixties of last century, this figure was 100 to 150 per year, which means that two or three sentences for each week throughout the Federal Republic of Germany.
late sixties has changed the role of the drug, particularly of cannabis policy sharply. This was done in the context of international development (international agreements) and especially the United States perceived "youth drug problem. In Germany, gave the press after the lurid model in the United States of America, from the late sixties, the impression of an enormous wave of hashish and drugs "that threatened to overturn the country. At the same time, the public has a clear picture of the dramatic social problem, which is also probably the most important domestic political event in that time has been associated, namely the mainly student-oriented protest movement that emerged during the grand coalition of CDU / CSU and SPD from 1966 to 1969 as "extra-parliamentary opposition (APO) was formed.
In the general context of the historical development of opium law law on drugs is important to note that the Federal Republic of Germany is not free quali sono gli obiettivi in materia di droga politica da perseguire. Piuttosto, è attraverso una serie di convenzioni delle Nazioni Unite (ONU) vincolata. Questi sono i Convenzione unica sugli stupefacenti, 30 Marzo 1961 Convenzione unica sugli stupefacenti, come modificata dal protocollo del 25 Marzo 1972, che modifica la Convenzione unica sugli stupefacenti del 1961 (cosiddetta Convenzione unica) e la convenzione del 21 Febbraio 1971 Convenzione sulle sostanze psicotrope (Convenzione sulle sostanze psicotrope).
In questo contesto, il legislatore (il Bundestag e Bundesrat) nel dicembre 1971, la legge del 10 Opium Dicembre 1929, in particolare il controllo amministrativo delle cure mediche per la popolazione con l'oppio, morfina e altri farmaci regulated under a new "law on the movement of narcotics (Narcotics Act, BtMG)" is replaced. The new law of 22 December 1971, January 10, 1972, after editorial changes, announced recently, is an abstract type classification on the basis of the offense, so that after the presentation of the legislature any kind of offense that a penalty may be assigned to stage, with the maximum penalty from three to ten years it has been.
Legislators (Legislative), authorized in Section 1, paragraph 2-6 BtMG the federal government (executive) by legal ordinance further legislation on the subject of drugs. The basis of this authorization, the federal government is incompatible with the principle of separation of powers of the Basic Law (GG), since not only BtMG infringements and violations, but also crimes (including criminal acts) with the penalty. The fact that not only legislators, but a donor of the executive regulation offenses can create high-custodial sentences (from 25 December 1971 up to ten years from 1 January 1982 including maximum penalties of up to 15 years) may be punished in recent years has repeatedly heated and controversial debates among constitutional and criminal lawyers triggered a fundamental limits because only in strict compliance with the requirement of proportionality can be made and other criminals Drogenprohibition unlikely, the legislative target (the availability of the substances listed at the bus stop) to reach.
With Law on the Restructuring of drug law enforcement, 28 July 1981 (BGBl I, p. 681), on 1 January 1982 entered into force, not only for the most serious cases, to increase the maximum penalty from 10 to 15 years imprisonment made, but also amended the definition of drugs. In § 1, paragraph 1 BtMG the scope of the law set out in Annexes I, II and III of the substances and preparations is limited. Drugs under the Act only if they are in Annexes I, II and III of the substances and preparations (positive list). In Annexes I, II and III of the substances and preparations are part of the legge.


Nullità del § 30c BtMG (pena di morte)

A causa della § 30c BtMG alla sezione 43 bis codice penale (StGB), si applica e la sentenza della Corte costituzionale federale del 20 con Marzo 2002 (2BvR 794/95) le attività e quindi la pena § 43 StGB con l'articolo 103, paragrafo 2 GG incoerente e annullato (Gazzetta ufficiale federale (Bundesgesetzblatt)) I p. 1340), è anche § 30c BtMG nulle.


Rapporti giuridici

Nel contesto della BtMG quattro regolamenti:

Farmaci da prescrizione di regolamentazione (BtMVV)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet% C3% A4ubungsmittel-prescrizione regolamento


Narcotics, Internal Trade Regulation (BtMBinHV)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet% C3% A4ubungsmittel domestic trade regulation


-Narcotics Trade Regulation (BtMAHV)
http://de.wikipedia .org / wiki /% C3% A4ubungsmittel Bet-Au% C3% 9Fenhandelsverordnung

cost Narcotics Regulation (BtMKostV)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet% C3% A4ubungsmittel cost regulation


is thematically related legislation, as well as basic medicines.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BtMRecht.png/300px-BtMRecht.png
Overview of the law German drug


Foreign

The law of Switzerland is also the right drug, but is abbreviated BetmG. In Austria there is a drug law, which aims to combat drug abuse.


WebLinks

BtMG in the text (Federal Ministry of Justice)
http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/btmg_1981/

Company Profile of Germany "European legal database on drugs"
http:/ / eldd.emcdda.eu.int / index.cfm? fuseaction = public.content sLanguageISO & = EN & nNodeID = 5174 & pluginMethod eldd.countryprofiles = & country = DE & language = de


Literature
Hans Harald Körner: Narcotics Law Beck'sche short-Verlag CHBeck comment: 5 Auflage, ISBN 3-406-46311-8
Revision of the drug, 2001, ISBN 3-930442-06-X
Van Treeck, Bernhard: the Drugs and addiction encyclopedia, dictionary imprint-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, ISBN 3-89602-542-2
Van Treeck, Bernhard: The great Cannabis Glossary - About the hemp crop, Lexikon-Imprint-Verlag, Berlin, 2000 , ISBN 3-89602-268-7
Van Treeck, Bernhard: drugs, Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin, 2003, ISBN 3-89602-420-5
Fässler, Benjamin drugs between domination and glory, nightshade-Verlag, Solothurn, 1997, ISBN 3-03788-138-0
on the same story:
Werner Pieper (Eds.): Nazis on speed - Drugs in 3. Reich, Löhrbach 2002, Volume 1: ISBN 3-930442-53-1, Volume 2: ISBN 3-930442-54-X

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Spice (droga)

Spice (drug)



Spice is the name for sale of a drug, consisting mainly of various herbs and plants are dry. Spice is used mainly as a substitute for products based on cannabis. According to the manufacturer (the company of Psyche Deli London), the intoxicating effect of the combination of natural based ingredients. In a number of analysis, however, several synthetic substances cannabinoidmimetische (CP-47 497, JWH-018, HU-210) must be established. The first two cannabinoids have been in Germany, now with the record in Appendix II of the Narcotics Act (BtMG) as marketable, but not classified verschreibungsfähige drugs. Limited to one year is therefore any form of illicit manufacture, trafficking and possession prohibited. In many other countries are already in the December 2008 ban on the procedure.


Author's Note: Spice

, a former consumer of Canabisprodukten as a prescription drug deal. From a tuhen the 30 € for each bag of our health care system provides good and is definitely a good thing. On the other hand, we can then (if it is properly in place), but all Junkis, ducks and Parkinson's Partinico Schitzophrene cables from the streets and crime. This must only concentrate on one possession, purchase and consumption (nachweißbar is known) 1-year prison sentence imposed without words. In addition, we asked the producer, who was a leaflet included in the box sets, so that consumers could be the one on hepatitis and other diseases that affect them aufklähren other, but you can also just read the ingredients and consumers to make aufmerksarm really just a pack of tea with Chemi stuck in the pipe.


Ingredients

Spice is the manufacturer of a variety of different, sometimes very exotic herbs, which are sometimes referred to the psycho-active properties, but it is not werden.Tatsächlich sampling in accordance with specific plants.
When the noise responsible for the main active substance is, according to the BKA is a modification of the synthetic cannabinoid CP-47 497. In addition, by John W. Huffman of Clemson University has developed synthetic substance cannabinoidmimetische JWH-018 included. These substances bind to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and trigger a frenzy of State. Its pharmacological potency is significantly higher than that of THC. JWH-018 is structurally different way of tetrahydrocannabinol, so that the standard drug test for the detection of cannabinoid intoxication with a negative result. The purezza degli ingredienti nel finale Spice è chiaro, come è il preciso impatto e la trasformazione del additivi sintetici nel metabolismo del corpo umano.
Ci sono anche includere gli additivi, come le rose, miele o vaniglia per sapore accessorio.
Spice è la varietà in argento, oro, diamanti, artiche e tropicali Synergy Synergy offerti. In base a questi produttori si differenziano per intensità, con un diamante è il più forte varietà. Gli ingredienti sono, tuttavia, a parte i sapori tropicali di Artico e Synergy Synergy, in tutte le varietà della stessa.


Applicazione e l'effetto

Spice è venduto come incenso, ma soprattutto per l'inclusione nella forma affumicato. The packaging is just warned the mixture to prepare a tea or to eat.


Legal position

Germany
The active ingredients in the Spice CP-47 497 and JWH-018 are due to twenty seconds from drug modification of the decree law 22 January 2009 are now illegal and strictly controlled. This is the deal with Spice without permission in principle to criminal proceedings. Additional information is available in the main article narcotics law in Germany.

Austria
Since the active JWH-018 used for the application on or in the human body, the nature of the state or body functions or mental states is subject to influence Spice al § 1 Abs 1 Z 5 del Medicines Act, che consente il commercio e il trasferimento in Austria sono vietati. Lo ha annunciato il ministero austriaco della Salute in data 18 Nel dicembre del 2008 con un rilascio. Fino ad allora il commercio non è stata vietata.
Il divieto si applica a decorrere dal 18 Dicembre per 14 giorni. Fino ad allora sarà un'altra procedura che sarà decisa. La "commercializzazione" del farmaco è stata interrotta, il concessionario a carico dei rimanenti scorte della gamma ad adottare.

Svizzera
In Svizzera, Spice è soggetta alle norme e la regolamentazione del tabacco è vietata.



Un contributo di ARD a:

Biodrogen
Come pericolose are the unknown substances?

Until recently, herbs and spices from Asia and Latin America, where a similar effect of cannabis after it is said, only the term pothead scene. Now is the so-called "Spice" is increasingly the party of drugs - and completely legal. The nightmare of the parents


It does not look like a drug that bears the name and is not dangerous, its packaging is rather mild, not only for different herbs. But the party scene is the hottest spots: "Spice" - German for "spice."

Officially, "Spice" sold as incense. In fact, he seemed stronger than the marijuana users reported that it looks like smoking a joint. Convenzionali delle prove di droga "Spice" nel sangue, ma apparentemente non. Ed è vietata la miscela di spezie, o il cui consumo o per la vendita non può. Questo li rende particolarmente popolari come un principiante droga. La domanda è così grande che alcuni concessionari hanno riferito di Internet carenze.

Il grande sconosciuto
A parte innocui ingredienti come il miele o vaniglia anche mettere erbe secche nella miscela. Essi dovrebbero agire come la cannabis. Il problema: Ci sono stati e sono ancora gravi progetto di ricerca su "Spice". E gli ingredienti possono cambiare. Da qui l'avvertimento degli esperti: Finger weg! "Voi non sapete ciò che importa a tutti qui sul corpo umano e in che forma in cui essi sono contenuti", says Professor Jochen Wilske, director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of the Saarland. "Not only is the psycho-active side. There may be other toxic substances. There is simply too little known."

A Bio-drug?
"Spice" contains, according to the manufacturer, or nicotine, or THC - the active ingredient in cannabis. This reinforces the false impression of safety. In addition, the drug commissioner of the federal government, Sabine Bätzing is alarmed: "We know that, especially young people" Spice "to consume. They think that is organic and therefore healthy. And 'this is still a long way."

"Spice" B. Thorsten
for the test, students and occasional smokers, with no experience in drugs under medical supervision is a trial of a legal substance. After about fifteen minutes, took place the herbal mixture suddenly cease to have effect: it increases your resting within a short period of time worrying 120 beats per minute. Thorsten does not feel very well: "Driving at this moment, would not be there. And 'now very difficult to sit here alone, it is physically hard."

With such a device is called Vienna Thorsten reactivity test. A procedure, which is also in the medical-psychological (MPU), for sinners Flensburger points is used. Before the smoke, the values \u200b\u200bof our subjects well. The drug was very more downhill. A test was so bad that the computer refused to evaluate. Driving a car or work on a machine could be fatal, warns of job and flight physician, Dr. Bernd Kasper: "The result is clear. The reactions are no longer sufficient. The response times were extended. There are also many reactions is false. "

The statement: "Spice" In the treatment centers diving ban
legal drugs are increasingly used as a substitute for substance. The Medical Director and head of therapy Schaumberger Court, therefore, requires a clear prohibition: "Spice is a drug, the effect of psycho-active. (...) We must not be tempted, here in a position Waiting to go. "
The problem: So far can not mix prohibited by law, but only the individual agents, which are to" Spice ", but very difficult to see.

federal government on drugs instead of fixing prohibitions Sabine Bätzing rather than on prevention: first, whether the awareness of consumers to be blunt, is that "Spice" to a drug to act. "Consumers know that (...) it can have hallucinogenic effects and Langzeitspätfolgen not now can imagine, "as it has been important.

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Cannabinoidi



Cannabinoids Cannabinoids are transformation products and synthetic analogues of some terpene phenol, which so far was only in the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica) have been discovered. The exploration of cannabinoids led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system. My body substances having similar pharmacological properties, are called endocannabinoids. Cannabis cannabinoid



The resin of the hemp plant contains over 60 terpene phenols, which were not discovered other plants. The most studied is Δ ⁹ cannabinoid-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ ⁹-THC), in 1964, has been isolated. Cannabinoid acids as precursors of neutral cannabinoids were in 1950 because of its antibiotic effect and are known, for example, in Czechoslovakia in animal medicine. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, was due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-schizophrenischen and anti-epileptic properties studied. Most of the other cannabinoids on psychological activity were examined, and their research has been neglected, when he was that they were not.
Some herbal cannabinoids (Phytocannabinoide) of the cannabis plant:
Number type cannabinoid Δ ⁹
9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Δ ⁸ 2-tetrahydrocannabinol-Δ ⁹
Tetrahydrocannabivarin -
Cannabidiol
Cannabigerol 7 6 5
Cannabichromen
Cannabicyclol 3
Cannabielsoin
Cannabitriol 5 9 11
Cannabinol
Miscellaneous> 1
Cannabinodiol> 1
Cannabis also contains a large number of non-cannabis, over 21 120 different terpenes and flavonoids with various pharmacological properties. There is evidence that cannabinoids such as cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD) and the effect of THC-Δ ⁹ change. Neuropharmacology Most studies focus on the investigation of individual cannabinoids.
Cannabis and the cannabinoids are contained in some combination contradictory effects: they inhibit, increasing aggression, moisten and improve both the spontaneous activity of neurons that act simultaneously and produce anticonvulsant cortical epilepsy-like discharges. Some cannabinoids are agonists of CB receptors ₁ / ₂ CB, others say, however, is their affinity for, or even antagonistic.
The chemical nature of cannabis varies greatly depending on factors such as heat of combustion, storage conditions and geographical origin.
Cannabis and cannabinoids are generally not considered as doping agents, national and international sports federations are open for inspections.




Artificial Synthetic cannabinoids semisynthetic cannabinoids can be produced, namely natural cannabinoids, as well as completely synthetic, ie from simple precursors. Synthetic cannabinoids are used in medicine, but also serve as in neuroscience on Cannabinoidwirkung in the brain to understand. Some synthetic cannabinoids are, for example:
CP-55940: 1974 synthesized, 40-50x as powerful Δ9-THC
HU-210: 100-800-times the power compared to THC, an animal must zellwachstumsfördernde and antidepressant effects
SR- 141716A is a selective CB1 antagonist, and is responsible for weight loss as an authorized product. It is also used as resources for smoking cessation are reviewed.
nabilone: \u200b\u200bWill in oncology to treat side effects of chemotherapy as an antiemetic used.
CP 47,497 (in the fashion of drugs "Spice," as the main ingredient is proven)
9-nor-9beta Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol-(beta-HHC)
JWH-015 and JWH-018: it has been demonstrated in drug Spice.


cannabina-mimetic from other plants

Researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich have recently shown that the N-Isobutylamide Echinacea by a new class of potent cannabinoid mimetic shows the peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptors on immune cells bind, but not for the CB1 receptors in the central nervous system. Thus, cannabis sativa is not the only plant that produces cannabinoid receptor ligands. Beta-caryophyllene occurs in various aromatic plants and is also a cannabinoid CB2.


Literature

Roger Pertwee (ed.): cannabinoids. (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol 168), Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, 2005, ISBN 3-540-22565-X.
Franjo Grotenhermen (eds): Cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutic potential. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern / Göttingen / Toronto / Seattle, 2004, ISBN 3-456-84105-1.

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World Index Tracking

World Index Tracking

World Index tracking is presented annually by the international relief and mission organization Open Doors determined and published. The index is a list of more than 100 countries where Christians are the worst because of their beliefs or be penalized. Posted: 50 countries in the index.
About 200 million people suffer because of their Christian faith under the deprivation or Christians - both in Islamic countries, totalitarian states or in areas where violence reigns. They are often regarded as second-class people, where even basic rights are denied.
Open Doors is a Christian missionary and religious relief organization with headquarters in 50 countries around the world for Christians, è il fondamento della loro fede e di essere penalizzato.


Emergere

Le fondamenta del Mondo indice di monitoraggio di Porte Aperte sarà spiegato come segue:
"Per il mondo di monitoraggio per determinare indice, utilizzare Open Doors è un questionario appositamente preparato di 50 domande. Le risposte sono state votate con un cliente. Il totale dei punti per un paese che determina la sua posizione nel mondo rintracciare l'indice. Indagati vari aspetti della libertà religiosa. Viene fatta una distinzione tra, per esempio ...
... L'ufficiale di stato giuridico e dei cristiani
È la libertà di religione nella Costituzione e / o nazionali?
Fare i cittadini hanno il diritto di convertirsi al cristianesimo?
... L'attuale situazione dei cristiani che vivono nel paese
I cristiani vengono uccisi per la loro fede?
Sono i cristiani a causa della loro fede in prigione o di campi di lavoro o condannato a una psichiatrici ricevuto?
... Di libertà e le limitazioni della chiesa nella società
Posso cristiani letteratura cristiana stampata e diffusa?
Pubblicazioni cristiane sono in questo paese censurato / vietato?
... I fattori che incidono sulla libertà di religione in un paese può minare
Sono luoghi di incontro dei cristiani e le loro case di anti-cristiane motivi attaccato? "

Indice 2008: I primi dieci paesi in cui i cristiani sono più forward


Red = severe persecution,
North Korea 1 People's Republic

Orange = suppression
2 Saudi Arabia absolute monarchy
3 Iran Islamic Republic
4 presidential Maldives
5 Bhutan constitutional monarchy
6 presidential Yemen
7 Islamic Republic of 'Afghanistan
8 Republic of Laos with a part of the system

Yellow = serious limitations. 9
Uzbekistan presidential bicameral Parliament with the People's Republic China
10

Source: Open Doors
In five of the top ten countries of the index, Islam is the religion of the majority of the population. Three countries have communist governments. Bhutan is the only Buddhist country dominated among the top riders in this year's index.
Empowered Christians


Empowered Christians

For Christians, the situation worsened in 2007 in the following countries: North Korea, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Jordan, Belarus and the Palestinian territories. Speaking about the situation of Christians in Mauritania Open Doors has received detailed information, resulting in a score higher.


Improving the situation for Christians

or slightly improved the situation for Christians in Somalia, Vietnam, Burma, Ethiopia, Colombia and Nepal.
In 2006, there were many Christians in Somalia, because of their faith have been murdered, kidnapped or physically challenged. In 2007, Open Doors has received no information about it, but that does not mean that there will be accidents come. Islam remains the dominant religion and societal pressure to respect Islamic traditions, is high. Converts from Islam are threatened their lives.


WebLinks

Monitoring World Index
http://www.opendoors-de.org/index.php?supp_page=weltverfolgungsindex_2007_kurz&supp_lang=de

The official website of the Open Doors Germany
http://www.opendoors- de.org /

The official website of Open Doors International
http://www.od.org/

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Roger Williams



Roger Williams Roger Williams (* April 1603 in London, † March 1683 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA Today) is considered the father of American Standard Baptismus and religious freedom as well as the early proponents of separation of church and state.


Origins

After completing his school education (1626) was devoted to the first Roger Williams, law and theology studies. In 1629 he was named pastor of the Church of England has consecrated and adopted a Kaplanei in Essex. He married late 1630 and immigrated with his wife in America.


The Boston Conflict

He made his living first as an assistant teacher, but then returned as pastor in his original work backwards. From 1633 came into conflict with the Boston Municipal. Williams defended himself against the influence with the authorities of the national state Religious Affairs. At the same time, denied the right of the state, a certain special privileges in the church. Background of this protest was for Williams to acknowledge that "la chiesa non può pretendere per sé la vera chiesa di Cristo ad essere". Il conflitto innescato da Williams ha portato ad una rottura con i suoi colleghi anglicana, Giovanni di cotone, la città in questo momento pastore di Boston e un massiccio sostenitore del matrimonio del trono e l'altare è stato. William è stato presto chiamato "cercatore liberale" e separatisti. E 'stato bandito dal Massachusetts e un breve periodo di tempo più tardi, con un mandato cercato. Williams sfugge la minaccia del carcere e tornare in Inghilterra con un volo per la Narragansett Bay, dove ha fondato una succursale 1636, il punto di partenza di Stato degli Stati Uniti Rhode Islanda. Il suo ufficio ha detto Williams in memoria della Provvidenza di Dio pietoso Providence (pickup Providence) Williams in pursuit problems.


Establishment of the First American Baptist Church and the State of Rhode Island 1639

Williams is a founding member of the first American Baptist Church to find. Faith and religious freedom were among the basic statutes of this community and how they have been for the development of Baptismus. To ensure the independence of his settlement and to ensure freedom of religion, Williams traveled to England in 1643 and settled in its territory through the acquisition of a patent has been completed. On his return he prepared a draft constitution for Rhode Island, for the first time in history, the complete separation of church and state was enshrined. This Constitution was adopted after some initial difficulties. 1654 Williams was elected president of the new government elected. He took care of the internal structure of the country and ensure the inclusion of mainly because of its pacifist spirit persecuted Quakers. A particular concern was the Williams of proselytizing Indians. Again, he respected the beliefs and freedom of conscience. Mission in the biblical sense of Williams was the offer of the Gospel. If this offer has been accepted, it was the freedom of those to whom the offer was addressed. Important basis of Williams' influence has begun its mission Indians have been written in which he translated into the language and culture of the Indians has an introduction. Theologically
Williams was the General Baptist arminianischen close, that in contrast to the special Prädestinationslehre Baptist Calvin rejected all people and erlösungsfähig prisoners. He left his co-founder of the Baptist Church, a few months later and remained until his death in 1684, and a Christian unorganized Seeker, the assumption that the church does not exist to be able to benefit from the church to be true. Williams is expected to enable next Baruch Spinoza is one of the first people in the Western world have, for a life outside of a community religiosa organizzata Denk ed è stato portato.
Per tutti l'impegno di cui la chiesa è stata più Williams antropologo, filosofo e politici stato come un teologo.
Una statua di Roger Williams si trova a Ginevra Riforma Monumento.


Letteratura

Roger Williams: Una chiave nella lingua degli indiani d'America, 1643
Roger Williams: Query di profonda stima, 1644
Roger Williams: esperimenti di vita spirituale e la salute, 1652
Narragansett Club / Perry Miller (ed.): The Complete Scritti di Roger Williams, 7 volumi; Bde 1-6: 1866-1874, Bd. 7: 1963
O.E. Winslow: Master Roger Williams - Una biografia, 1957

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Persecuzione dei bahai

Persecution of Baha'is

The persecution of the Bahai executed by the state, supported or tolerated infringement of several measures aimed at the human rights of the Baha'is because of their faith. The sometimes serious violations of human rights apply to both civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural human rights. Apart from the major faith and denial of the right to religious freedom and the right to work and the pursuit of education mainly include prohibitions Assembly, expropriation, expulsion, imprisonment, torture, massacres, such as legal and extra-legal executions. The objective of the persecution of the Bahai is attack and destruction of their cultural roots, and their social and economic marginalization. The Bahai mainly in their home country, Iran, and some other Islamic states. The systematic persecution of Baha'is have been ordered and should be distinguished from mere hostility, rejection of some Bahai teachings, discrimination or restriction of Baha'i activities by a restrictive law.


Causes and ideological justification

Since the majority of Muslims, the name of Mohammed as a "seal of the prophets," because it indicates that, as the latest in a series of prophets, and for the first of religious foundations in 'Last Day had finished, we can show them that there is no further revelation of God in human history. The founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, represents the other hand, in his teaching that the federal government, the people of God had closed at the end that has no end, again by further revelations of the will God be renewed. Bahá'u'lláh claims to be the same series of "manifestations of God" to continue. His writings Baha'is regard as a revelation of God to humanity, with the doctrine of progressive revelation of God in the center of bahai theology mind. Thus, the followers of the Bahai religion, particularly in Islamic orthodoxy gleichweder law school of Islam as a shed. Due to the specific history of religion Bahai, che è emerso dal islamica sciita ha sviluppato, è la persecuzione dei Bahai in stretta collaborazione con la recente storia iraniana verknüpft.Der diritto Bahá'u'lláh, un nuovo insegnamento divino rivelato di avere attenzione in contraddizione teologica dal 1979/1980 con l'attuale governo in Iran principio di Wilayat-Faqih e "che il clero della dominazione politica delega per il previsto Dodicesima imam controllata. Il Bahai fede di coloro che sono apparsi in forma di messia sciita in Islam, la figura storica e fondatore della Gestalt Babismus, il Bab, a metà del 19. Secolo. Poiché la rivoluzione islamica è veramente teologica conflitto, che è comparabile con il rapporto del cristianesimo al giudaismo, rende luogo political. The Bahai, with its estimated 300,000 to 500,000 adherents live in Iran, the largest religious minority in the country. Unlike Christians, Jews and non Zoroastriern are referred to in Article 13 of the Constitution of the State not as a religious minority called protected. This repression of the Bahai and legitimacy, in the non-secular state in Iran also legalized. In the struggle for influence and power in Iran served and are serving the Bahai Schiitentums enemy and the arch of national pride stylized, from time to time as a scapegoat, the instrument so that the emotional support of the masses to win. In the Iranian public on charges of alleged "threats to national security", with absurd accusations, such as the Baha'is were "Zionists" or "spies" was founded. They represent the Baha'is in Iran, in a religious community which is in line with the teachings of their faith not in Iranian politics and the principle of nonviolence practiced. In Egypt, the Bahai the exercise of their religion, is also not allowed. Since 1960, the Bahai community under a presidential decree prohibited. According to a top Egyptian Administrative Court of 16 December 2006, citizenship was not granted because the Bahai have been denied issuance of personal documents.


Monitoring History

The pursuit of history Baha'is in Iran dates back to the effect of the Bab in 1850 is stato eseguito in Tabriz per blasfemia. 1849/50 sono stati in un Religiozid molti dei suoi seguaci massacrati, alcune fonti parlano di oltre 20.000 Babis. Sotto Shah Reza Pahlavi e Mohammad Reza Pahlavi è stato legiferato, il Bahai sistematicamente privati dei loro diritti civili. Le pensioni sono state cancellate dal governo Bahai e il servizio militare sparò, vietata la letteratura, espropriate le case, scuole, centri di incontri proibiti sequestrati. Regolare pulizia e pogrom si è svolta, quindi 1925, 1932, 1934, 1939, 1943 e soprattutto nel 1955, quando lo Scià di mullah stazioni radio Hetzsendungen per il governo contro i Baha'i sono stati messi a disposizione delle forze armate e il Centro Bahai a Teheran distrutti.
Dopo la rivoluzione Islam in 1979 and the creation of an "Islamic Republic" Iran were systematically persecuted. Until 1981, all places of worship for Bahai destroyed, abused or desecrated. Cemeteries and hospitals have been approved by the crowd, led by the so-called guardians of religion, or the Iranian government regarding their interpretation of sharia destroyed. Since mid 1981, the Bahai today the inclusion in higher education, in some places in schools, denied, students and teachers were fired, employees of public service, without social security and pensions thrown from the service, salaries and training costs would be reimbursed under the threat of jail will. Bahai property was expropriated, transactions with Bahai families prohibited closed shops, businesses and individuals, the accounts are closed, subsistence destroyed. Again and again, there were pogroms, including shops, offices and factories were looted, slaughtered cattle, the crop has been stolen or expropriated. Houses were attacked and burned, the inhabitants massacred, burnt alive or violently forced to convert to Islam.
Since 1979/1980, Bahai thousands arrested, cruelly tortured, hundreds solely because of their religious beliefs run. Until 1985, virtually the entire elected leadership of the Bahai killed in 210 executions. Likely to be minimal than 10,000 faithful have fled into exile. From an early 1993 by the United Nations published a document Secret Islamic Supreme Council of Cultural revolutionary for 1991 shows that the Bahai discrimination at all levels to promote their progress and their development. This name is known by its author Golpayegani formulates the doctrine of State in dealing with Iranian Baha'is since the 90s. Measures to write, in essence, that the Baha'is in Iran in order to address, says that "their progress and development will be hindered." To be a Bahai illiterate and ignorant are kept at the lowest level of existence, and always live in fear that the minimum offense or, worse, prison is imminent. Also for the Bahai abroad is "a plan to develop their cultural roots outside the country to attack and destroy." The memorandum is then a change in the treatment of Baha'is in Iran before away from the bloody persecutions of the past which led to international isolation of the country have contributed to the economic, social and cultural human rights, below the threshold of concern International play.


Recent developments and current situation

Even though the general situation in the years before the current presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as a bit 'laid back, they were under President Khatami, the Bahai prevented them from higher education, such as learning Distance to organize after their access to government control of universities is denied. The distance covered and their libraries and offices in 1998, subject to various attacks and seizures. Under the high price of solitude and silence Khatami was still a great life unmolested, even though the city was banned. There have been a Bahai, contrary to the usual, because discrimination on a regular identity papers and travel to those of their families all over the world use.
However, the human rights situation since the inauguration of the current president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is deteriorating rapidly. Baha'is in Iran are also, again by specific rights violations umani coinvolti. Così riferito Bahai comunità internazionale un aumento significativo in arresti arbitrari, orrendi deposito dei pagamenti, la tortura, la confisca, il rifiuto di accesso all'istruzione superiore, il mobbing e le molestie nei confronti dei bambini e dei giovani e organizzato la propaganda di Stato, che consistono di una demonizzazione di non-musulmani, in particolare l'effetto è Bahai. Attacchi su baha'i, che restano impuniti, poiché l'ufficio di Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, che sono mirati di livore. L'Assemblea della legge e la proprietà è la comunità Bahai ancora non è stato concesso o, a seconda della regione, fortemente regolamentato. Nel 2004, con più della storia delle origini di bahai in Iran associati holy sites including the birthplace of the founder of religious, cultural destroyed traces of religion in Iran will be refunded. In some cities has in recent times to the destruction of Baha'i cemeteries, so in 2006 and 2007 in Najafabad Yazd. As before, the Baha'is of further education and universities of the visit impossible. On May 14, 2008, the Iranian secret police stopped six main members of the Baha'i community in Iran. Therefore, it has its own internal management of the group is lost, that after the disappearance and execution of members of the National Spiritual Bahai in Iran during the years 1980 and 1981 - under the Mitwissen the Iranian government - was founded. Already March 5, 2008 was the director of the group stopped.
According to a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir, 2005 October Revolution, Supreme Leader Khamenei, the supreme commander of the armed forces, secret services, the organization of the Revolutionary Guards and police forces that all persons, members of the Bahai religious community, to identify, record and monitor permanently.
The German Federal Government and the European Union have in recent times, in various human rights violations against Baha 'the initiatives raised in Tehran, among other things, in December 2005 and April 2006. In one, 19 December 2007, with 73 to 53 entries 55 abstentions ha adottato la risoluzione esprime l'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite per la sua profonda preoccupazione per il deteriorarsi della situazione dei diritti umani in Iran. La risoluzione indica "attacco (s) e contro la loro fede baha'i in media statali" e "l'accumulo di elementi di prova che il governo si è impegnato a garantire che il baha'i per individuare, controllare da lontano le università, dare loro la base della vita economica al fine di evitare , arrestare e imprigionare arbitrariamente ". Anche il Parlamento europeo e il Consiglio europeo ha espresso regolarmente sulla situazione dei diritti umani dei baha'i in Iran, più recentemente, il 25 Maggio 2007 in una dichiarazione.
Il 9 Settembre 2008, il parlamento iraniano ha passed a law, which is the renunciation of Islam under the threat of capital punishment and bans by the Guardian will soon be confirmed. This leads to a further worsening of the persecution of religious minorities, particularly Baha'is.

See also:

Hojjatieh
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojjatieh

Islamic Fundamentalism
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamischer_Fundamentalismus


Literature

Catherine Bigelow: conspiracies and false: The attack on the Baha'i community in Iran. In: Persian Heritage Vol 9, No. 35. 2004, p. 27-29.
Dominic Parviz Brookshaw and Seena B. Fazel (Eds): The Baha'i di Iran. Sociohistorical Studi. Londra / New York, 2008.
R. Cooper: Il baha'i di Iran. Minority Rights Group, Londra 1992
Christine Hakim: Il baha'i o la vittoria sulla violenza. Altstätten 1984, Panorama, ISBN 3-907-50604-9
Nazila Ghanea: diritti umani, le Nazioni Unite e il baha'i in Iran. Kluwer Law International, L'Aia, Londra, New York 2002, ISBN 9-041-11953-1
Gunnar Heinsohn: Enciclopedia del genocidio, Rowohlt 1998, ISBN 3-499-22338-4
Moojan Momen: i bambini e di comunità Baha'i Iran: Un caso di genocidio, sospesa? Gazzetta di genocidio, di ricerca, no. 7, 2005, p. 221-241
Olya Roohizadegan: Olya della storia. La sconvolgente relazione di una donna che - insieme with others - because they belong to the Bahai religion of the mullahs in Iran, was imprisoned and abused. Bergisch Gladbach 1995, Bastei Lubbe-Verlag in the series of "experiences", ISBN 3-404-61322-8
The National Spiritual Council of the Baha'is in Germany: The situation of the Baha'is in Iran. Recent legal actions and their background. May 2003. PDF humanrights.ch
The Iran Human Rights Documentation Centre (ed.): Community Under Siege. The Ordeal of the Baha'is of Shiraz. 2007 (PDF).
A Faith Denied. The persecution of Baha'is in Iran. 2006 (PDF).
Wahied Wahdat-Haghi
World Online Debate (ed.): Media incitement against members of the Baha'i religion. 2008 (online).
World Online Debate (ed.): Iran: alarming verdict. 2008 (online).
Hostages Iranian religious dictatorship. 2008
Iran is against the minority Bahai before.
Hojatiye 2008: A secret Shiite organization. 2008
Iran: death penalty for apostasy and insulting the Prophet. 2008
Iran: The persecution of Bahai. 2007
Iran: When the dictatorships in German civil society hineinregieren. 2007


The situation in Egypt

Johanna rose: a new religion as a "disturbing public order" - the Baha'is in Egypt in the series of the Society of Baha'i Studies, Volume 11, The Bahá'ítum and social pluralism, p. 175-197, Hofheim, 2006, ISBN 3-870-37455-1
Human Rights Watch (ed.): Egypt: Allow Citizens to List Actual Religion on ID of Cards. An end to discrimination, harassment of Baha'is, converts from Islam. 2007 (online).
Prohibition of Identity. State interference with religious freedom. Egypt's Baha'is and cancellation policy. 2007 (PDF Online p.30-52).

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Separazione tra religione e Stato

separation between religion and state

The separation of religion and state through the separation of governmental and religious law.


constitutional position



Germany In Germany governed after the end of the First World War and the current system of state churches, the National Assembly in Weimar in 1919 in Weimar Reich constitution, the relationship between church and state again. They have attacked the Constitution on an advanced understanding of secularism back, but has created a complex system based on freedom of religion, the ideological neutrality of the state and self-determination of all religious communities. Religion is not a private matter for the states, but has been public, but the situation has been withdrawn. This concept was initially 1926, Ulrich Stutz, such as "lame separation" because the division is open for cooperation, this may just be necessary. The base giuridica è l'articolo 136 a 139 della Costituzione di Weimar Reich (WRV). Questi sono disciplinati dall'articolo 140 della legge fondamentale della chiesa e lo stato attuale del diritto costituzionale.
In Germania, il rapporto tra la Chiesa (o le convinzioni religiose e le comunità) e, quindi, lo stato di partenariato. Ci sono stato Concordati e contratti. La neutralità ideologica dello Stato, con la comunità religiosa non può identificare, è "in comune le questioni" (res mixta) entstehen. Così, come la comunità di "status aziendale" chiesa fiscale raccolti. In pratica, tale imposta nella maggior parte dei casi da parte della autorità fiscali nazionali per conto delle chiese contro Kostenersatz recovered and used as a tax by the employer. Christian holidays are protected under the Constitution, religious instruction in public schools is an object. In some courts, and schools are crosses. In the latter case, however, due to the Federal Constitutional Court decision of the crucifix to be removed, if a student in his (negative) religious freedom, and feels it is not a denominational school. Nursery schools and Christian schools are generally from the state like other private schools in the context of primary care and to achieve the freedom of private schools, support for the promotion of some is higher, sometimes lower than other carriers free. About 10 per cent of schools in Germany are owned by the church.
Many universities are publicly funded theological faculties. Because of the ideological neutrality of the state must contact their faculty and concentrate most of the churches to be determined. In addition, some universities outside of the theological faculties called Concordat chairs, which are financed with public funds, whose occupation of the Catholic Church, but has something to say. The constitutionality of the Concordat Chairs is controversial.
An important principle of law in Germany is that the state has also organized religious communities, but not their contents may be required because the state constitution protected freedom of religion must be respected. Too
heated debate occurs when the relationship between church and state, religion or something has changed, as in the case of Brandenburg ethical life teaching of religion or prohibiting the veil in school or crucifixes. Equally controversial is the introduction of Islamic religious education in state schools, in this case, particularly because it had no partner for the state is available, according to its principles of faith can be taught. Therefore, some forms of Islamic religious education have been developed in which only the responsibility of the State Islamic religious education is taught, but from the point of neutrality of the government and the separation of church and state is constitutionally very problematic.
religious symbols in public spaces are sometimes permitted, but always encounter opposition, as one of the crucifix controversy and dispute shows the veil.
criticism of the relationship between church and state in Germany is from the Humanist Union and other non-confessional and liberal circles. They call for a separation between state and religion in a secular sense.

See also: Reich Concordat; Reich Deputation main conclusions; Kulturkampf; Schächturteil




Switzerland In Switzerland, the separation of church and state in the Swiss Constitution, the Federal Constitution, in Article 72 regolamentato. I Cantoni hanno il dovere di Cantone nelle loro costituzioni di definire questa separazione.
Una completa separazione non esiste, dal momento che ogni Cantone (influenzata dalla sua storia) un diverso punto di vista sulla separazione della chiesa e Stato. D'accordo sul fatto che è in punto della chiesa, la chiesa e possono essere riscosse nel regolare ritorno della comunità è elencato.
Il 2 Marzo 1980, la popolazione svizzera ha votato su iniziativa "sulla completa separazione tra Chiesa e Stato", modificando l'articolo 51 della Costituzione federale dal. La raccomandazione del Parlamento, ha respinto l'iniziativa, seguite da una chiara maggioranza dei 78,9 per cento dei voti validi.
Nel frattempo, la company of eight cantons of church taxes, which are: Aargau, Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Basel City, Geneva, Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, Ticino and Vaud.


USA

the United States, for a strict separation of church and state in the first extra-constitutional (First Amendment) has determined that there is neither religious instruction in public schools, nor the financial support from the government or Tax collection for the churches or religious private schools. Christmas is the only state in which the holiday with Christian origins. The other is the public life of a akonfessionellen, but Christian-oriented civil religion, even for the bank is reading "In God We Trust. Strong, highly politicized and contentious debate over the boundaries of segregation in American public frequently. Therefore, the actions of the Bush administration, training vouchers at the expense of the taxpayer for the visit of the private (often religious) schools, and state subsidies for social programs sponsored by the Church (the so-called "faith-based initiatives") is highly controversial, and are used by organizations like the ACLU severely criticized.




Russia In Russia, after the Revolution 'in October to a radical separation. The Council of People's Commissars with Lenin wrote on February 5, 1918 a decree "on the separation of Church State and school of the Church. "This separation was a unilateral separation from the influence of religion on the situation and was not accompanied by a separation of government from the influence of religion, that religion is a liberal. Rather, There have been up to World War II, ideologically motivated intense persecution of any religion. Rather than Russian Orthodox was the state religion was the ideology of Marxism-Leninism under, so that the separation of religion or belief and the state, but an exchange took place.
Since the beginning of the Second World War to the turn of 1989/1990 was the pursuit of an ideologically motivated discrimination rimosso, ma ciò non toglie la caratterizzazione di uno stato totalitario cambiato.
Dopo la caduta del 1990, la separazione di Stato e la religione o le convinzioni in gran parte attuato. Dal carattere cristiano-ortodossa di Russia e di proprietà di una chiesa nazionale è misurata da un occidentale le norme europee, di alto livello di identificazione di Stato russo con la Chiesa Ortodossa Russa. Una simile identificazione può essere anche in altri paesi ortodossi in rilievo con orologio.


Francia e la Turchia

Francia e la Turchia sono due paesi in cui la separazione tra religione e stato è molto lontano - entrambi possono essere considerati come laico afferma descrivere il luogo dove, per esempio, i simboli religious in public (state) institutions (including schools) are generally not allowed. At least in Turkey, but rather be a "subordination of religion from the state," like talking about a separation, because the imams are trained by the State and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Diyanet Isler Başkanlığı) is also close to their provisions Arbeit macht substantial.

In France, since once there was the French Revolution, a movement in this direction was given in 1905 - not least because of the Dreyfus affair - with the law on the separation of religion and state to complete the separation of church and State. Once, after long and heated discussioni, sia l'Assemblea nazionale francese, il 3 Luglio è anche il Senato, il 6 Dicembre è stato approvato il disegno di legge, ha acquistato forza di legge. Esclusi dal presente sono i dipartimenti della Mosella, Bas-Rhin e Haut-Rhin, che in quel momento, non in Francia, ma dal 1871 al 1918 appartenne al Reich tedesco, erano in uno stato in termini giuridici Repatriierungsgesetz la validità delle leggi locali e quindi lo stato della Concordato napoleonico del 1801 è stato concesso. Così, Cattolica, Evangelica Luterana Evangelica Riformata e pastore, e pastori in questi tre servizi di funzionari governativi.
Come conseguenza della separazione tra Chiesa e Stato sono le chiese di tutti i loro edifici espropriati chiesa: (cattedrali were the state, parish churches and chapels to the municipalities). The fact that churches will no longer be on their own their buildings, but always with regard to use - sometimes more, sometimes to a lesser extent - by the state and municipalities are charged, there was a subordination of the churches in the state.
The churches are in the territory since 1905 ritual. Sozialkaritative tasks should be carried out by independent bodies to be made, for example a refugee relief and Réformée Église, CIMADE.


See also:
French Civil Code, the law on the separation between religion and state (France)
Turkey Religion in Turkey, Kemalism
Israel La religione in Israele


Letteratura
Axel von Camphausen, Heinrich de Muro: stato-chiesa. Una presentazione sistematica del diritto costituzionale di religione in Germania e in Europa, Monaco di Baviera: CH Beck, 20064, ISBN 978-3-406-51734-1, specialmente p. 338ff.
Claus Dieter Classen: Religione legge; Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 2006, ISBN 978-3-16-149034-7
Gerhard Czermak: La religione e le convinzioni della legislazione. An Introduction, Berlin: Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-72048-5
Erwin Fischer: People's Chiesa ade! La separazione tra Chiesa e Stato. La minaccia alla libertà di religione o le convinzioni personali, nella Repubblica federale di Germania, Berlino, Aschaffenburg: IBDK, 19934, ISBN 3-922601-17-0
Kamper Burkhard, Hans-Werner Thönnes (eds): The separation of church and state. Models and reality in Europe, Essen speaks of Church and State, 40; Munster: Aschendorff, 2007, ISBN 978-3-402-04371-4

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Tolleranza Rapporto



Tolerance Value Tolerance is a published price of the award for individual or groups who are practicing or promoting tolerance have excelled. There are various organizations tolerance prizes:


Tolerance Prize of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences

Since 1997, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Tolerance Award to individuals or institutions working for human rights and respect coexistence on the limits of nationality, religion has also acquired great merits. Tolerance Prize is awarded each year on Aug. 15 in Salzburg awarded.


Awarded

2008 Eugen Biser, Monaco di Baviera
2007 Flavio Cotti, Brione above Minusio
2006 Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Bonn
Giandomenico Picco 2005, New York
2004, Daniel Barenboim, Berlin 2003
Djibrail (Gabriel) Kassab, Basra
2002 Dorothea Rosenblad, Stockholm
N. 2000 Astrid Heiberg, Geneva
1999 Cardinal Franz König †, Vienna
1998 Suzanne Mubarak, in Cairo
† 1997 Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem's Altbürgermeister

Weblinks
http://www.european-academy.at


Austrian Honorary Award Buchhandels tolerance in thought and action
premium see Austrian Buchhandels tolerance in thought and action


UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize tolerance
UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence was created in 1996 for the first time. He has $ 40,000 and is awarded every two years for the International Day for Tolerance on 18 November of each forgiven. The award was established in 1995 during the International Year of Tolerance and 125. Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi launched. It will be institutions or individuals, ai sensi della Costituzione dell'UNESCO, in un modo eccellente per la comprensione reciproca e la nonviolenza sono utilizzati. Il prezzo è stato nominato dopo la sua indiano patroni, Madanjeet Singh, artista, diplomatico e consigliere speciale del Direttore generale dell'UNESCO.


Premiati

1998 "Azione comune del comitato per i diritti dei popoli, il Pakistan e l'attivista indiana Narayan Desai
1996 "Pro-femmes Twese Hamwe del Ruanda"


Tolleranza Premio della Accademia Evangelica di Tutzing
Dal 2000, dà l'Accademia protestante € 10.000 Tutzing questo premio a personalità, il dialogo tra le culture e le grandi religioni promuovere.

Premiati
2008 Shirin Ebadi
2006 Karim Aga Khan IV
2004 Henning Mankell
2002 Daniel Barenboim
2000 Roman Herzog


Tolleranza Premio della città di Munster

Premiati

1999 Ibrahim Rugova, leader del Kosovo
1996 Teddy Kollek, Altbürgermeister di Gerusalemme
1993 Prof. Dr. Joseph Rovan, superstite del campo di concentramento di Dachau, storico


Ambasciatori della tolleranza

Nel 2000, l'Alleanza per la democrazia e la tolleranza - contro l'estremismo e la violenza stabilito. Questo premio annuale al prezzo di cinque iniziative Ambasciatore tolleranza. Come il premio è di 5000 euro.


Weblinks
Alliance for Democracy and tolerance
http://www.buendnis-toleranz.de/

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Editto

Edict

The edict is a government decree, religious tolerance, minority guarantees. Tolerance edicts have often been in the history of short duration and have the time or creeping officially ignored. The term has its roots in Latin: "tolerate - to withstand, tolerate."


edict of toleration in the history

538 BC - Edict of Kyros - allowed the Israelites to return from the Babylonian exile.
30. April 311 - Edict of Nicomedia - Christianity is the religion tolerated.
13. June 313 - Edict of Milan - the freedom of faith all religions decision.
1573 - The Edict of Warsaw Confederation gives minority religions and faiths, religious tolerance and full political rights.
1593 - Livornina The Constitution guaranteed freedom of faith in the Tuscan city of Livorno.
13. April 1598 - Edict of Nantes - tolerance of the Huguenots (revoked October 18, 1685).
1649 - Act of tolerance Maryland, United States of America.

16. September 1664, the Edict of the electorate of Brandenburg, the tolerance of the Protestant denominations themselves.
29. October 1685 - Edict of Potsdam - the inclusion of (reformed) Hugenottenplatz Lutheran Prussia.
1689 - Act of tolerance (tolerance act) - The English king allowed the dissenter cult
29. March 1712 - Edict of Count Ernst Casimir in Büdingen. E 'guaranteed "perfect freedom" and demanded in return the "change in Unterthanen civil case against the government and in their honest, decent and Christian are listed. The ultimate objective is to prevent the war and the plague caused a population decline.
17. June 1773 Edict of Catherine II as a response to domestic political disputes with the countries of Muslim Tatars. In Edict who promised tolerance of all faiths, except for the large number of Jews, since the first partition of Poland had their arguments.
13. October 1781 - Joseph II patent tolerance - tolleranza precedentemente minoranze perseguitate in Austria.
1784 - Editto di Clemens Wenzeslaus Elettore di Sassonia - tolleranza di protestanti in Kurtrier elettori.
29. Novembre 1787: Louis XVI. adottare un editto di tolleranza a favore degli Ugonotti.
10. Marzo 1847 - Editto Friedrich Wilhelm IV di Prussia - Tra le altre cose, la chiesa di uscita permessi.
13. Febbraio 1942 - Rassenideologisches Editto del capo ideologo nazista Alfred Rosenberg - 3 sezioni + 31 Clausola di diritti per il Regno Commissariato Ostland

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Tolerantismus

Tolerantismus
Tolerantismus means the excessive use of tolerance, which clearly affected how each is irrelevant.
The term was probably first by Maria Teresa for their aversion to all non-Catholics (Protestants, ebrei) espressione. Nel 19. Secolo condannato Pope Leo XII. all'inizio del suo pontificato il Tolerantismus, all'indifferentismo e la Bibbia appartenenti a società che si formano in tutto il mondo.
Tolerantismus è un peggiorativo e viene utilizzato principalmente da persone che l'idea di tolleranza, o restii a prendere in considerazione questa richiesta di venire. Oggi, la parola è ancora usato religiosamente orientate parti, ma anche in generale, piuttosto diffuso senso si verificano, in modo simile al concetto Gutmensch.

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Tolleranza

Tolleranza

Il concetto di tolleranza (o la tolleranza, il contrario: l'intolleranza, che deriva dal verbo latino tolerare, l ' "orso", "sopravvivere", "Live" or "resist" but also "allowed", that is) is, inter alia, in social, cultural and religious context necessary. So, with tolerance as an expression of dealing with a person or persons who do not match, but does not tolerate this, so bear.


Definitions

"Tolerance is the renunciation of the option, is directed against an evil end." Therefore, it can not be tolerated, which is 1. represents a bad (good, good or lawful can not be tolerated.) 2. turns against itself (what a car is not interested or not interested, you can not tolerate.) 3. should be empowered evil, not tolerate them as well. (Who does not have this option so the logic can be no tolerance as voluntary acceptance of evil, which is described as a tolerance)
Anyone who wishes to exercise tolerance, must ask: If
is really a bad thing?
is that evil of me, as certain of anything?
I actually can take to the practice of tolerance, the evil in the end?
Tolerance describes the ability to form, or - for their tolerance levels - many forms of otherness, or other action, in particular the origin, religion, orientation, moral or belief, tolerance, not for fight.
Tolerance significa generalmente tollerato o il rispetto delle credenze, gli atti o le pratiche che sono false e uno standard di essere, ma non completamente, e non essere limitato".
- Rainer Forst: Tolleranza

Una promozione è quindi molto più sulla tolleranza, la tolleranza, ma significa anche l'abolizione di uno svantaggio di altri già esistenti contro lo stesso (penale, i diritti). I concetti di stessa e diversa, però, un forte cambiamento. Tolleranza in un senso più debole di discriminazione comprende non solo il monitoraggio.
Come un atteggiamento prevalente vorwaltende o di un gruppo o di società chiamato "laissez-tolleranza di individui o di gruppi di cui convinzioni e il modo di vita istituito dal sistema social or religious. It is not synonymous with respect, but a possible precursor to give acceptance.
tolerance in the sense of a "tolerance zone" includes a power to punish deviation and the conscious decision to refrain from making. E 'normally associated with non-violence, with the goal of unification behavior practiced. Tolerance may reduce violence.
In a broader sense of the word is that intolerance and conformity, and social pressure, violence can cause destabilization. Tolerance is thus to generate a margin for people with abnormal behavior and other social norms. Tolerance is aimed at people because of their differences risk of social exclusion. Instead of a strict action against the tolerance that requires a different standard for different people or groups in this respect are not hindered. About
the idea of \u200b\u200btolerance or otherwise believes that the action to come up, can use the pejorative term Tolerantismus, Empress Maria Teresa coined to give them the tolerance of non-Catholics (Protestants and Jews) and to apply for a religious basis even Austria (→ Transmigration (Austria)).


Politics and Religion

Historically, they were political and religious tolerance, the most important aspects of tolerance, since the political and religious differences in systems di innumerevoli guerre, persecuzioni e di altri reati hanno portato. I filosofi e scrittori del secolo dei Lumi, soprattutto Voltaire e Lessing ha aiutato più di tolleranza religiosa al passo e sono stati di grande influenza sulla società occidentali (→ pluralismo), dal momento che dopo la pace religiosa di Augusta è la religione dei soggetti del sovrano era stato determinato ( "cuius regio, eius religio ".). Il campo della politica di tolleranza, la non poteva espandere scout con un corrispondente persistenza.


Chiesa cattolica romana


"La tolleranza si intende la postura di una persona che rispetta gli altri, anche se differenti opinioni e credenze rappresentati."
- Catechismo Catholic Adult

"Tolerance includes reverence for what the other is sacred one."
- After Pope Benedict XVI.


Limits and problems of tolerance

The text there is one thing that can not afford: intolerance. shows that there are necessary limits of tolerance here. In particular, a tolerant society does not allow such intolerance, which are destroyed.
It can therefore be a paradox to speak of tolerance. Who tolerates intolerance is both tolerant and intolerant. Those who do not tolerate intolerance seem intolerant, but retain the tolerance. Particularly significant is the problem with an expression collective mass A and B. Both views are completely different opinions and I think they are right and the other for reprehensible. Therefore, both waiting for the other intolerant views. The principles of both positions are static and unchanging. Both believe that tolerance stops there, where intolerance is tolerated. A tolerance of expression can not allow such intolerance, which are destroyed. But what is now tolerant of opinion? Bring
other restrictive measures in a rapid decline in the general ruling with grace, and a "dictatorship of tolerance," which under the name of tolerance, conformity of opinion or moral conviction calls ("You must give me reason otherwise you are intolerant "), is also a massive restriction of freedom of expression - in contrast to the tolerance after falsely attributed to Voltaire quote:" I like damn what you say, But I'll give my life to make it can say. "
In many countries, there will be no problems with tolerance in areas such as the separation of church and state, homosexuality, the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, the more critical literature and political journalism, or deviating sexual acts with the problems, in some cases, the conflict between personal freedom of individuals and potential harm to others (passive smoking, pedophilia) circumstances. It ', however, between the person and their attitudes and their actions with their effects. Tolerance refers only to the mentality and culture of a person during a practice particularly damaging to the notion of tolerance cutting.
In European policy, there is a tendency, tolerance as an intrinsic feature of Christianity, and in Europe to propagate. At the same time, a dichotomy between Christianity and Islam are designed, in exchange, the label of intolerance is attached.




Social Ethics in social ethics means tolerate a single person or group under the influence of disturbing other people or groups, not with the (hard) avenges social sanctions. Tolerance does not go as far as regards the acceptance - quando questa è una condizione piuttosto che i propri desideri sono diversi, ma servono come il bene comune riconosciuto.


Critica Tolleranza

Dal momento che la tolleranza può disarmare fanatici hanno convinto anche forti movimenti sociali a volte difficile, le loro argomentazioni a contrario. Di conseguenza, Herbert Marcuse, il termine "tolleranza repressive" (quasi una contraddizione in adjecto) per l'estensione di tolleranza alle situazioni, le pratiche e le relazioni di potere che "la possibilità di una vita senza paura e portare la miseria, ostacolare" in legge. Marcuse analizza società in cui prevalgono gli squilibri di potere e non essere rispettati. Qui la tolleranza è sempre a giocare the powerful actors in their hands. The
Demoskopin Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann is in the field of public opinion that Wechselbestärkung liberal tolerance and quiet traditionalism as the "spiral of silence" attacked.
SPIEGEL journalist and author Henryk M. Broder is the tolerance in the plural, "horizontal", organized society of an old principle, which makes it easier to apply a ruthlessly intolerant


Education

Here, tolerance, often in the context of "political education" as active citizens and promote virtue is regarded as a mark of a functioning state and a "live" democracy. There are also forms of tolerance, are distinguished:


Passive tolerance

passive tolerance in the sense that one negative, the acceptance of exclusion, even if the assessment has been carried out, evaluation, however, contains an answer, for example, the 'lover peace 'love. In this sense, say for example, parents with adequate undertone to their children: "Well, I tolerate this!" Passive tolerance is not only pedagogically welcomed, because it prevents an attitude problem (Robert K. Merton: retreatism) of ignorance and is very close.


Active tolerance

Tolerance in a positive way and, as a fundamental value of freedom, pluralistic society means absolute intellectual openness regarding the possibility of an eventual acceptance of the facts tolerated in the future. When you enable a final assessment of tolerance is tolerated "influence", not only by reactions has not expressed an opinion, but also deliberately omitted in the spirit.




intolerance intolerance (intolerance) indicates that the agreement ultimately failed, although
except an irrational emotion at all about that assessment
their knowledge to a final evaluation is not sufficient mental
hard battle before the final evaluation is not fair, or
there was no need for una tale valutazione finale dovrebbe essere presa come limitazioni per se stessi e gli altri, da cui il corrispondente fatti, apparentemente trascurabile


Tolleranza di intolleranza

"1 La tolleranza di intolleranza porta alla intolleranza.
2. L'intolleranza di intolleranza porta alla tolleranza ".
- Lars Gustafsson
Per comprendere la tolleranza di formazione politica, in condizioni di non-accettazione di intolleranza (v. Active tolleranza). I confini tra la tolleranza e l'intolleranza, i confini politici. Entrambi i termini sono utilizzati anche come una lotta politica termini. L'intolleranza si riferisce ad un atteggiamento inaccettabile che è incompatibile con la tolleranza può essere soddisfatta.


Ignorance

On the one hand, their limits of tolerance in the arbitrariness and indifference. Tolerance per se is not necessarily that the facts really toleranced observed and evaluated. Tolerance may also lead to the closure.
Where ignorance can be found in principle, not the evaluation or the efforts in the foreseeable simple mechanics of thought, which always produce positive results. Ignorant talk is complete indifference, or always mean consent - for example by opportunism. The result is similar ignorance of the above, in the form of passive tolerance, with a tolerant attitude of passive acceptance is not obscured and often subtle (The pitch) is expressed.
Ignorance, the tolerance is so far in the conflict, given that even the intolerance, the opposite of tolerance, tolerate. Ignorance is therefore consistent with a tolerant attitude incompatible. However, the two are easily confused character, especially in the absence of other serious adverse or intolerant.


Citations

Tolerance is the inability to say yes or no - Friedrich Nietzsche
The city, however, is tolerant. His love for the people as they are born from the hatred of the right people. - Theodor W. Adorno (Minima Moralia)
I prefer demonstrations of tolerance for events di intolleranza, in qualsiasi momento prima, ma ho ancora qualche riserva circa la parola "tolleranza" e il discorso, che ha organizzato. Si tratta di un discorso con radici religiose, è di solito sul lato del potere, sempre connessi con determinate concessioni paternalistico ... - Jacques Derrida (2001, in: Filosofia nei momenti di terrore, ISBN 3-86572-358-6, p. 168)
Questa calda sensazione di disgusto, disprezzo e pietà - chiamato tolleranza. Harald Schmidt (1993, in lacrime in acquario, ISBN 3-462-02302-0)
La tolleranza diventa un crimine, quando essa è male. - Thomas Mann (La montagna incantata)
La tolleranza dovrebbe essere solo un atteggiamento temporaneo: si deve portare al riconoscimento. Per tollerare è un insulto. - Goethe (Massime e riflessioni)
In nome della tolleranza, che si riserva il diritto di non ignorare l'intolleranza. - Sir Karl Popper
Coraggio di intolleranza! - Carlo Schmid
Tolleranza significa rispetto per le convinzioni degli altri, di non cedere le proprie convinzioni. - Walter Kasper
La tolleranza è il sospetto che gli altri è giusto. [Sic] da Kurt Tucholsky


Letteratura

Hamid Reza Yousefi: applicata la tolleranza. Gustav Mensching interculturale leggere (Interkulturelle Biblioteca Vol. 49), Nordhausen il 2008.
Denis Diderot: l'intolleranza
Hamid Reza Yousefi Klaus Fischer (ed.): Cross-orientamento culturale. Fondazione di tolleranza dialogue. Part I: methods and concepts. Part II: Applied interculturalism, Nordhausen 2004. Arnold
Angenendt: tolerance and violence. Christianity from the Bible and sword. Munster: Aschendorff 2007. ISBN 3-402-00215-9. Article, review in FAZ, in the time of review, revision and moths taz
István Bejczy: Tolerant: A Medieval concept, in: Journal of the History of Ideas 58 / 3 (1997), 365-384.
Christian Augustin, Johannes Wienand, Christiane Winkler (ed.): pluralism and religious tolerance in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2006 ISBN 3-531-14811-7
Norberto Bobbio: The age of human rights. Tolerance is enforceable?, Berlin 1999 ISBN 3-8031-2358-5
Ingor Broer, Richard Schlüter (eds.): Il cristianesimo e la tolleranza, Darmstadt, 1996, 3-534-12989-X
Erkens, Sebastian; Kerkhoff, Engelbert; Verleysdonk, Albert (ed.): tolleranza tra il mondo dei giovani e vecchi. Volume 35, gli scritti del servizio sociale alla Hochschule Niederrhein, 2003, ISBN 3-933493-13-7
Rainer Forst: Tolleranza in conflitto, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-518-29282-X
Herbert Marcuse: Tolleranza repressive, in: Wolff, Moore, Marcuse: Critica della pura tolleranza, del 1965, quando tedesco Suhrkamp FFM 1996
Gustav Mensching. La tolleranza e la verità nella religione, Heidelberg 1955 (riemissione ed. Tworuschka Udo, Weimar 1996) Hermann
puddle, "tolerated and passivity", in: Uwe Carstens and others (eds.), the reorganization of social services, Norderstedt, 2006: 91-110, ISBN 3-8334-6477-1
Karl Popper: The Open Society and His enemies, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen. Two volumes. 524 and 575 p.
Joseph Alois Ratzinger (Benedict XVI.): Faith, truth, tolerance, Freiburg im Breisgau 2003, ISBN 3-451-28110-4
Heinrich Schmidinger (ed.), Pathways to tolerance, the story of a European idea in the sources , Darmstadt, 2002, ISBN 3-534-16620-5
Klaus Schreiner, Gerhard Besier: tolerance, the basic concepts of history, ed. Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, Reinhart Koselleck, 7 vols, Stuttgart 1972-92, vol 6, 445-605
Christoph Schwöbel, Dorothee Kirch by Trippel (eds.): The religious roots of tolerance, Freiburg im Breisgau 2002, ISBN 3-451-27901-0
Michael Walzer: Speaking of tolerance. From the civilization of the difference, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-88022-639-3
Hamid Reza Yousefi: Applied tolerance. Gustav Mensching intercultural read (Interkulturelle Library Vol 49), Nordhausen 2008.