Religious freedom in Germany
Religious freedom in Germany by the Basic Law and the European Convention on Human Rights guaranteed the fundamental right to give.
Basi in base legge
La legge fondamentale tedesca (GG) protegge la libertà di religione di cui all'articolo 4:
"(1) La libertà di fede, di coscienza e la libertà di credenze religiose e filosofiche sono inviolabili."
"(2) L'esercizio indisturbato di religione è garantita".
"(3) Nessuno può essere contro la sua coscienza al servizio militare con la pistola costretti a farlo. Dettagli possono essere trovati in una legge federale. "
Ulteriori disposizioni in materia di libertà religiosa, vi è la cosiddetta religiosa articoli della Costituzione di Weimar, che in base alla legge sono state adottate. Il primo stato di diritto che regolano le zone e gli aspetti negativi della libertà religiosa. Articolo 7, paragrafo 3 della Legge fondamentale riguarda l'istruzione religiosa nelle scuole. Ai sensi dell'articolo 33, paragrafo 3 della Legge fondamentale è il godimento dei diritti civili e civici e l'accesso alle cariche pubbliche a confessione religiosa.
Protezione
Principio fondamentale, ogni persona ha diritto a (tedeschi e stranieri). La responsabilità dei minori nel loro impegno religioso di decidere, ma solo con la capacità di controllare. Il potere dei genitori, in merito alla impegno religioso del bambino a decidere è la legge sulla genitorialità religiosa regolamentato. Sulla libertà di religione può anche gruppi (ad esempio religious communities) called (collective freedom of religion).
The material scope of Article 4 of the Basic Law is widely understood, paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, as a single protected area in this field. The 2. Paragraph simply in terms of clarifying the nature of religion.
The positive religious freedom includes the right of a religion and to have (the personal inner conviction "forum INTERNUM"), to profess his religion and his religious beliefs to live (the outward-looking forum externum ") and of religious communities together. The controversy, regarding the forum externum "ranges, which may be the behavior the majority of society, the conflict and the conflict can meet. Therefore, it is represented in part, that freedom of religious belief on outdated pronouncements of religious content is limited, which in addition to the practices of worship (eg, worship, prayer) proclamation of faith, conversion or other creditors not the object, and if all the love of religious motivations involved. The Federal Constitutional Court is not unique to the practices of worship, but also the right of all behavior to the teachings of his faith and his inner conviction of faith, to live in accordance with
protected is the freedom I do not think negative form, have to confess, and then to live. The negative side of religious freedom in particular Articles. 136 Abs.3 Abs.4 WRV and treated. At Länder level, the negative impact of freedom of religion, church law, and the ability to unsubscribe go to religious education is assured. It is debatable whether to leave a religious community charges may be required.
Regarding the controversial definition of religion called on the Federal Constitutional Court decision of tobacco "to" Kulturadäquanz, "but now this restriction is abandoned. Faith is the conviction of any man's position in the world and its relationship with a broader and deeper Seiensschichten powers. The danger is that some have the appearance of a religious community to try to adapt Article 4 of the Basic Law can be invoked (eg, Scientology), will be prevented by this requirement, an indication that it is a religious belief to manage, must be plausible. This requirement will be met according to the intellectual content and appearance of a religion that must be. Even atheists can count on freedom of religion. Since freedom of religion would prevent a person who is one of the commandments of their faith and the policy which requires the rule of law, should decide to break this emotional appeal, such behavior is only through freedom of belief protected by religious beliefs and offered not only be authorized or recommended.
intervention and justification
verfassungsgmässige The fundamental right to freedom of religion has a protective effect is stronger than that of the European Convention on Human Rights, because it is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court is not subject to a subject to a law restrictive, but only the third fundamental rights and value judgments of the Basic Law is restrictable. A stark contrast to the opinion that freedom of religion only in the context of ordinary law can be exercised. The reason is this view that Article 140 in conjunction AP with Article 136 has been completely Abs.1 WRV constitutional.
restrictable Because of the freedom of religion for the purpose of protecting the basic rights of others or other constitutional principles must be the parents, even if their child to school if they have their faith with the teaching content of their children, as the theory of evolution or sex education, I disagree. On the contrary, but also freedom of religion, such as constitutional provisions in conflict back.
Drittwirkung
Freedom of religion allows, in principle, the only defense against damage caused by the country. As a constitutional principle, however, obtained il cosiddetto effetto indiretto di fondamentale importanza anche nel settore del diritto civile, in particolare nel lavoro.
Neutralità ideologica dello Stato
Da Art. 4 GG è un obbligo dello stato di neutralità religiosa è derivato. Questo requisito si applica solo allo Stato. Quindi l'introduzione di un divieto di velo per gli studenti è incostituzionale perché è contro lo Stato della loro libertà religiosa potrebbe essere invocata. Al contrario, gli insegnanti, come i rappresentanti della neutralità religiosa dello Stato, solo le suore possano continuare velo (Habit), rispettivamente. Le persone che sono permanenti lasciar andare volontariamente nella sfera pubblica e non può più the same degree of freedom from the state ", as other citizens. The conflict, which one of the officials and other citizens of the state officials are trying to Article 33 GG Abs.3 way. It is partly the subject of heated discussions on the fact that some teachers may be asked to teach without a veil. After the headscarf ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court, however, it is a national legal system is necessary. Teachers may apply to the State a duty of religious neutrality and, therefore, may rely, for example, not be forced to give religious instruction, or students at a school to control cult.
Practice
In practice there are in Germany, de facto, the preference for Christianity. To align the dates of most festivals and Christian traditions to these rules also apply to non-Christians, even if they collide with their rites.
Further, the State only for the main Christian churches and the Central Council of Jews in Germany, belonging to the Jewish community's entry into the church. Other religious communities do not yet have the status of a public corporation acquired, so that their contributions, even if their members are to be recovered.
addition, the Christian churches annual double-digit billions, for example, by exempting the churches of interest and capital gains tax deduction. Basic rules for the financing delle facoltà teologiche nelle università statali, nello stato e sono basate su storico obblighi derivanti da espropri delle proprietà ecclesiastiche, qualora lo stato di ricorso per l'ordinaria manutenzione e il mantenimento delle chiese impegnati.
vedi anche: la secolarizzazione, il potere statale
Letteratura
Thorsten Thaysen: barrierless tolleranza o tolleranza di barriere? Un'inchiesta delle barriere alla libertà di religione di cui all'articolo 4 della Legge fondamentale. Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8300-3584-8.
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