William Penn William Penn (October 14, 1644 * London; † July 30, 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire) founded the colony of Pennsylvania, in what is today the United States, author of the Wise in 1693 to the present and the future peace of Europe.
Life
Penn was the son of an admiral of the same name was born, one of the richest and most influential men in England belonged. After his studies at Oxford, he studied first in France and Protestant theology has been, among other things, the court of Louis XIV received. He then studied law in London and began the extensive estates of his family in England and Ireland for management. During this period he came into contact with the movement of Quakers, whose best-known and respected orator, he soon became. Because of his faith, was violated by his father in England, and more captured. Despite Zerwürfnisses with his father has done twice in his influence to secure the release of his son to get. On September 16, 1670 his father died shortly after Penn a second time it was issued. Before his death, reconciled with Penn's father, in the end, even with his son. That 1672 Springett Guglielma married the Quaker, with whom he had three children: Springett, William and Laetitia (also known as Letty).
The limited religious freedom and repeated detention Penn continued, despite the continued presence in Quaker and preached religious tolerance and political liberalism. In 1670er years, has developed a model for a new settlement in North America.
To this end, he traveled in 1671 and 1677, among others, Germany and canvassed for the location of German settlers in North America. After the death of Penn's father, King Charles II paid in 1681 for increased debt, giving Penn a large area in the North American natural, and left to the local governor, appointed. William Penn wanted colony called New Wales. From that of the British Crown was refused, as suggested by a name before the Sylvania. The British King Charles II, his father, Admiral Sir William Penn a lot of money due, then it was the last name of Pennsylvania as a tribute to Admiral Sir William Penn. It included the two current Stati della Pennsylvania e Delaware. Sempre nello stesso anno, la capitale Penn Filadelfia, che è diventata la più antica città degli Stati Uniti conta.
Penn ha preso il "santo esperimento", come egli la chiamava, e ha iniziato un sistema di governo in vigore, che si basa sulla fratellanza e la libertà personale di coloni e indigeni indiani era basata. Sotto la sua influenza ha avuto inizio nel 1683 l'insediamento di coloni in tedesco Germantown, in Pennsylvania, con il suo amico Franz Daniel Pastorius.
Con i suoi diritti di voto insolitamente liberale e la piena libertà religiosa Penns sistema è stato molto più avanti del suo tempo. A causa del fatto che gli indiani prima della Penn Alcol e sfruttamento protetto e rigorosamente White treated the land sale was held by the Pennsylvania American Indian raids spared. Penn has had intensive contacts with neighboring ethnic groups, Native Americans, as the Lenni Lenape and Iroquois, and also spoke their languages.
Overall, Penn spent only a few years in Pennsylvania. Most of the time, he worked in England for his holy experiment, which in turn was very vulnerable. In addition, he has had in England to take care of his family. Guglielma His wife died in 1693 after a long illness. His eldest son followed his Springett, 10 Furthermore, in February 1696 after a long illness to death. In the same year he married a second time with his new wife Penn, Hannah Callowhill, gave him in the following six children. While in Pennsylvania quickly
a rich colony, Penn won almost nothing in it. Philip Ford from its financial management is indebted cheated so strong that he had some 'time in prison was at fault. The subsequent lawsuit against Ford cost him much stronger. He suffered three strokes, his health seriously weakened. Disappointed and bitter William Penn died in 1718.
Penn's influence in Pennsylvania was even more generations very clearly perceptible. On November 28, 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan William Penn and his second wife, Hannah Callowhill Penn, posthumously to honor the citizens of the United States. A friendship and scambio delle quote di morte dal suo libro "Più Frutta di solitudine" ( "Più Frutta di solitudine") è uno dei motti del settimo volume della serie di Harry Potter.
Saggio verso il presente e il futuro di pace d'Europa
William Penn piano di unificazione europea è stato sviluppato a Londra durante il politico teso e incerto periodo degli anni 1691 al 1693. Penn's ha raggiunto un saggio a quattro edizione (1693, 1693, 1696, 1702).
Penn ritratta nel saggio, perché ha scelto per la creazione e il mantenimento della pace in Europa. Pace significa agli occhi dell ' "acquis" Penns backup, il libero scambio, attrarre nuova industria in generale la crescita economica attraverso una migliore situation and to promote the general welfare and hospitality during the war, after death, horror and misery, especially, the greed of the rich and the poor a greater Hamsterei life as a soldier or any thief foists and benefits flights on the ground. Justice was seen as Weggefährtin of peace, the parties to the mediation was necessary and, in the form of legislation, finally, the rights and obligations defined and stored. The government was also a necessary tool against the darkness, and went from a general social consensus indicates.
It is also used by Penn institutional creation of a parliament, or Federal Government, to meet a European level, with the terminology used ("The Parliament of Europe", "States of Europe," European Confederation "," European League "," General Diet Company "," Imperial Parliament ") is often a bit 'arbitrary exchange took place. They focus primarily on the possible inclusion of members and their eligibility, the legal nature of securities and discussed the issues of the Presidency and the representation of the voting rights and voting, participation and representation and the possible requirement of criminal sanctions and measures. How discussion, negotiation and contract language proposed Penn or Latin or French, both advantages and would also be acceptable.
William Penn observed to justify his peace plan explicitly the bloody events which, since 1688, for example, Hungary, Flanders, England, Ireland or at sea and played one of which humans could not be still. To prevent future tragedies such as in Europe, peace is necessary, but Penn did not provide any general definition of what "Europe" for him.
Penn opted for a geographical-political concept of Europe, especially by the composition of a General Assembly or of a State and the distribution of votes of the delegates could read. Consequently, the Holy Roman Empire 12, France and Spain 10, Italy (excluding the Republic of Venice) 8, 6 England, Sweden, Poland and the States-General of 4, Denmark, Portugal and the Republic of Venice every three cantons and the Swiss Confederation, the Duchy of Holstein and Courland and small principalities, each one vote so that the total number of votes is 70. For the (right), where the Turks and Russians (Moscow), even as members of the host found, you have over 10 delegates, which is the number of votes at 90 would be increased. This meeting would be in his opinion, "Europe" as part of the world, said that "the best and richest of the known world" would be met and where "religion and learning, culture and the arts have their place, and Empire."
In case that changed the legal title of a review of the membership have been received, Penn proposed a detailed examination of all claims submitted. Have legal title before the General Assembly or of a State only when a succession of unquestionable (England, France, Spain), a choice (a choice in the Kaiser Reich, Polish Wahlkönigtum), marriage (Stuartdynastie in England, l ' acquisition of the Duchy of Cleves Electors of Brandenburg) or by a legal acquisition (eg the Kingdom, and Italy) have been legitimized. On the other hand, should have been created that meet the European states to reject such claims and titles, with the sword and blood (turkish Christian conquest of the territories conquered by Spain in Flanders, the conquest of Burgundy, Normandy and Lorraine from France) has been reached, because they were morally questionable, if not then subject to a contract have been confirmed. At this point, the desire for a peaceful and Christian standards of justice-oriented community of values \u200b\u200band, in particular, visible, but he moved through the entire essay. The international community has therefore led to "the benefits of a universal monarchy, without the drawbacks that are found there."
In the last sections in anticipation of possible objections, falsified, and the positive impact of the plan as a welcome Christian life of love and peace ("Pacifick means"), the best picture of Christianity to the infidels, avoiding often enormous costs of war and its peaceful use, facilitation of trade and travel, the more resistance against the Ottoman expansion efforts and intense friendship among all the European princes, states and peoples, are listed.
Finally, Penn said that the establishment of such a - a very limited period of supra-national operation - Institute is not unnatural, because "the same rules of justice and prudence, with which parents and their families, government teachers, judges and their cities, and their Republic Companies, princes and kings and their kingdoms and principalities, Europe could get and keep peace among Soveraignties. "The best ideas for his peace plan after finding the information in their research on the French King Henry IV, who was already a lot of thought about 100 years before had given him. Penn described his speech as well as an experiment, it was necessary to secure peace in Europe and around the world created permanently. William Penn essay ideas marked a milestone in the history of the "plans of Europe ', which - even after their numbers - a close relationship to the plans of Henry IV and his companions Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully is incredibly detailed and many achievements of postwar Europe of 20. Century State.
Literature
Gerhard Paul Herring, William Penn. In: Biographisch church-Bibliographisches Lexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4, 186-188 Sp
Dunn, Richard (ed.): The World of William Penn. Philadelphia 1986.
Durland, William: William Penn, James Madison and the historical crisis of American federalism. Lewiston 2000. (= Studies in American History, 28). Rolf
Felbinger: Source autopsy "William Penn (1693)," in Europe and Europe in the 17th century ideas. Project Web, Wolfgang Schmale (Dir).
Geita, Mary: William Penn. Harlow 2000.
Pera Owens, Catherine: William Penn. Philadelphia 1957.
Area, Kurt von: Perpetual Peace: peace and the peace plan called the Renaissance. Monaco 1953, p. 97-116 and p. 321-341.
Rose, Kurt: The son of the admiral. Giessen, 1991
Soderlund, Jean: William Penn and the founding of Pennsylvania 1680-1684: a documentary history. Philadelphia 1983.
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